2026-06-17T18:45:07-0400 / https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-trump-iran-nuclear-deal-memorandum-of-understanding-compares-to-obama-nuclear-deal-jcpoa/
华盛顿电—— 上周末特朗普总统与伊朗达成的谅解备忘录，为围绕伊朗核计划命运的长期协议开启了为期两个月的冲刺阶段。而就在八年前，特朗普曾将自己退出的奥巴马时期核协议斥为“灾难性”且“单方面”的协议。
特朗普政府称，其达成的这份谅解备忘录远优于奥巴马政府2015年达成的《联合全面行动计划》（JCPOA），并将在更大程度上阻止伊朗拥有核武器。美国国防部长皮特·赫格斯瑟强调，新协议将与JCPOA不同，因为美国将“确保军事选项始终存在”，这也是特朗普本人所强调的一点。
该谅解备忘录并非像JCPOA那样的最终协议——后者长达数百页，充斥着技术细节。
与之相反，这份新协议是一份包含14项条款的框架协议，旨在延长美伊之间的停火状态，并为就永久核协议展开谈判铺平道路。协议未涉及伊朗浓缩铀或其核计划的具体处置方案，相关细节将在未来60天内敲定。
美国高级官员于周三向记者宣读了协议文本。
尽管该备忘录仅为后续谈判的路线图，但由于特朗普政府官员一直在将其与此前的协议进行对比，以下是两者的部分异同点：
两项协议均禁止伊朗获取核武器，但JCPOA在执行细节上更为明确
特朗普在周三的新闻发布会上表示，他希望确保伊朗永远无法“采购”核武器，而非仅仅阻止伊朗研发核武器，他称这一表述已纳入谅解备忘录中。
但JCPOA本身也包含了伊朗不采购核武器的承诺。
JCPOA中写道：“伊朗重申，在任何情况下，伊朗都绝不会寻求、研发或获取任何核武器。”
新备忘录则称，伊朗“重申其不会采购或研发核武器”。但具体的执行方式将留待最终协议确定。
JCPOA允许伊朗在有限水平下进行铀浓缩，特朗普时期的协议要求尚不明确
根据JCPOA的规定，伊朗无需销毁其全部浓缩铀库存，但需大幅削减其库存规模——当时伊朗的高浓缩铀水平远低于当前水平。
伊朗还在JCPOA中同意，将铀浓缩浓度上限设定为3.67%，为期15年，这一水平远低于制造核武器所需的90%浓度。同时，伊朗被要求将所有浓缩活动限制在纳坦兹的一处核设施内。JCPOA还限制了伊朗可运行的离心机数量和类型。
新备忘录表示，伊朗铀处理的具体机制将在未来60天的技术谈判中敲定，但这意味着伊朗将面临一定限制。与JCPOA谈判时期不同的是，伊朗当前的铀库存中包含纯度达60%的浓缩铀——距离武器级浓缩铀仅一步之遥。
协议称，两国“同意就库存浓缩材料的处置方式达成解决方案”。其中包含一项“最低标准”，即在国际原子能机构的监督下，在伊朗境内对其浓缩铀进行“稀释”。
目前尚不清楚这些浓缩铀是否会被销毁或运出该国，还是仅被稀释至低浓度。备忘录未提及具体数据，且新协议也未提及离心机相关内容。
特朗普周三并未就伊朗的浓缩铀问题表现出紧迫性，他指出，去年美国发动的一系列空袭后，大部分60%浓度的浓缩铀被认为被埋在废墟之下。
“在很长一段时间内，没人能拿到这些东西，除非我们想让他们拿到，”总统在法国七国集团峰会的新闻发布会上告诉记者，并补充称这些材料“没有价值”，“没人会碰它”。
今年早些时候，特朗普曾敦促伊朗放弃所有铀浓缩活动，这一要求比JCPOA更为严格——而伊朗官员过去曾拒绝这一要求。伊朗长期坚称其核计划仅用于和平目的，但其近年来积累的60%浓度浓缩铀，远高于大多数民用用途所需的水平。
不过，特朗普周三似乎为伊朗保留民用核计划打开了大门。
他说：“但当你说某人想要拥有它，而其他人已经拥有，周边国家也拥有时，这有点难办。你不让他们将其用于电力等类似用途，这总是有点棘手。你得用点常识。”
日落条款
JCPOA设有10年和15年的日落条款，这也是该协议遭到的主要批评之一。
尚未成为最终协议的谅解备忘录并未设置日落条款，目前尚不清楚最终协议是否会设置此类条款。
特朗普上周末在接受《纽约时报》采访时表示，他希望伊朗同意暂停所有铀浓缩活动15至20年——但他也希望设置永久限制条款，规定伊朗“只能为非军事目的进行浓缩。永远如此。”
制裁 Relief
根据JCPOA的规定，作为伊朗同意限制其核计划的交换条件，伊朗获得了国际制裁 Relief。制裁 Relief分阶段实施，并以国际原子能机构的核查为前提，JCPOA和联合国安理会均制定了解除制裁的时间表。
根据谅解备忘录，美国的制裁将按照商定的时间表解除，作为最终协议的一部分，这一点与JCPOA并无太大不同。
一个关键区别在于，参与对伊制裁的多个其他国家均为JCPOA的缔约方，包括中国、俄罗斯、英国和德国。而新的谅解备忘录是美伊之间的双边协议，因此尚不清楚其他对伊朗实施制裁的第三国将作何反应。
但根据美国高级官员宣读的协议文本，该备忘录将立即为伊朗的石油和石油产品出口提供豁免。
美国前驻联合国大使尼基·黑利对伊朗立即从石油销售中获利的可能性表示反对。
“如果这是真的，伊朗赢了，”她在X平台上写道。“第一天就不该有任何制裁 Relief。”
伊朗近日声称，该协议还将立即解冻在美国制裁下被冻结的数十亿美元伊朗资产。特朗普政府对此予以否认，称伊朗只有在履行其义务后才能获得制裁 Relief。
对伊朗的资金支持
伊朗谅解备忘录称，美国和地区伙伴将“制定一项明确的相互同意的计划，为伊朗伊斯兰共和国的重建和经济发展提供至少3000亿美元资金”，具体的执行机制将在后续讨论。
但总统坚称，任何对伊朗的投资都将是自愿的。
“顺便说一句，我们不会向伊朗投入任何资金，”总统在法国七国集团峰会上表示。“昨天传出的谣言太荒谬了。我们有权利在未来某天介入，如果我想做些什么，或者如果有人想做些什么。但我们不会投入任何资金，我们没有义务向伊朗投资。”
JCPOA并未包含经济发展资金相关内容。
不过在2016年，伊朗确实从美国收到了17亿美元现金，以解决一项长达数十年的争端。在1979年伊朗革命前，伊朗曾向美国支付4亿美元用于购买从未交付的武器。在前总统巴拉克·奥巴马任期内，美国返还了这笔资金，加上约13亿美元的利息。
弹道导弹
JCPOA并未对伊朗的常规军事力量包括弹道导弹库存施加限制，这一点也遭到了批评。
新备忘录也未提及弹道导弹。周三，特朗普表示，他认为伊朗拥有与周边国家库存规模成比例的弹道导弹是“可以接受的”。
他说：“如果其他国家拥有，那么不让他们拥有一些就有点不公平。弹道导弹与我们讨论的核武器不是一回事。但如果沙特阿拉伯、卡塔尔等国都有一些，我认为按相对比例来说，这是可以接受的。我的意思就是这个。”
国家支持的恐怖主义
JCPOA和最新的伊朗谅解备忘录均未明确提及为资助恐怖主义行为所应承担的后果。
特朗普周三告诉记者，他的政府将与波斯湾国家展开“平行行动”，以解决“非核问题”，比如伊朗的常规导弹和资助恐怖主义代理机构的问题。
美国将哈马斯、真主党和胡塞武装等伊朗资助的激进组织列为恐怖组织，这长期以来一直是争议焦点。
在JCPOA框架下，美国对伊朗政权实施的与恐怖主义相关的制裁仍然有效，但批评人士指出，美国提供的制裁 Relief可能会为伊朗资助恐怖主义活动腾出资金。
Here’s how Trump’s memo of understanding with Iran compares to the Obama nuclear deal
2026-06-17T18:45:07-0400 / https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-trump-iran-nuclear-deal-memorandum-of-understanding-compares-to-obama-nuclear-deal-jcpoa/
Washington— The memorandum of understanding that President Trump struck with Iran last weekend sets up a two-month sprint toward a longer-term deal over the fate of the Iranian nuclear program, eight years after Mr. Trump pulled out of an Obama-era nuclear agreement that he viewed as “disastrous” and “one-sided.”
The Trump administration says its memorandum of understanding is far superior to the Obama administration’s 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), and will do much more to prevent Iran from having a nuclear weapon. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth insists it will be different from the JCPOA because the U.S. will “make sure the military option is there,” something Mr. Trump stressed.
The memorandum is not a final agreement like the JCPOA, which numbered hundreds of pages and was packed with technical details.
Rather, the new deal is a 14-point framework that extends the ceasefire in the U.S.-Iran war and sets the stage for talks on a permanent nuclear agreement. It doesn’t include specifics on what will happen to Iran’s enriched uranium or its nuclear program, leaving those details to be sorted out over the next 60 days.
The text of the deal was read out to reporters by senior U.S. officials on Wednesday.
Although the memorandum is merely a roadmap for further negotiations, since Trump administration officials are comparing the two, here are some of the differences and similarities:
Both deals ban Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons — but the JCPOA was far more specific about how
Mr. Trump said in a news conference Wednesday he wanted to make sure Iran could never “procure” a nuclear weapon, aside from just ensuring Iran can’t develop one, language he said he wanted in the memorandum of understanding.
But the JCPOA also included a commitment from Iran to not procure a nuclear weapon.
“Iran reaffirms that under no circumstances will Iran ever seek, develop or acquire any nuclear weapons,” the JCPOA reads.
The new memorandum says Iran “reaffirms that it shall not procure or develop nuclear weapons.” But exactly how that will be enforced will be left up to the final deal.
JCPOA let Iran enrich uranium at a limited level. It’s unclear what a Trump-era deal will require.
Under the JCPOA, Iran wasn’t required to destroy all of its enriched uranium, but it was required to dramatically reduce its stockpile at a time when its levels of highly enriched material were far lower than they are now.
Iran also agreed in the JCPOA to cap its level of uranium enrichment to 3.67% for 15 years, well below the 90% level required to produce nuclear weapons. It required Iran to confine all of its enrichment to a single nuclear facility in Natanz. The JCPOA also restricted the number and types of centrifuges Iran could have in operation.
The new memorandum says the mechanics of handling Iran’s uranium will be decided in technical negotiations over the next 60 days, but it suggests Iran will face some limits. Unlike when the JCPOA was negotiated, Iran’s uranium stockpile now includes uranium enriched to 60% purity — just a short step to weapons-grade material.
The deal says the two countries “agreed to resolve the disposition of stockpiled enriched material.” It includes a “minimum” standard of “downblending” Iran’s enriched uranium on site under the supervision of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
It’s not yet clear if the enriched uranium would be destroyed or removed from the country, or merely downblended to a lower grade. The memorandum doesn’t get into specific figures. And the new agreement doesn’t mention centrifuges.
Mr. Trump didn’t express urgency over Iran’s enriched uranium Wednesday, noting that most of the 60%-enriched material is believed to be buried underneath rubble following a round of U.S. airstrikes last year.
“Nobody is going to get that for a long time, unless we want to get it,” the president told reporters at a news conference at the G7 summit in France, adding that it’s “not valuable” and “nobody’s touching it.”
Earlier this year, Mr. Trump pressed Iran to abandon all uranium enrichment, a step that would be stricter than the JCPOA — and one that Iranian officials have refused to take in the past. Iran has long insisted its nuclear program only exists for peaceful purposes, though the 60%-enriched uranium that it has accumulated in recent years is well above the level needed for most civilian uses.
On Wednesday, however, Mr. Trump appeared to leave open a door for Iran to have a civilian nuclear program.
“It is a little hard, though, when you say that somebody wants it, other people have it, other, adjoining states have it,” he said. “And you’re not letting them have it for purposes of electricity and things like that. It’s always a little tough. You have to use a little common sense.”
Sunset clauses
The JCPOA had 10 and 15-year sunset clauses, a key criticism leveled against the deal.
The memorandum of understanding, not yet a final agreement, has no sunset clauses. It’s not clear if a final deal will.
Mr. Trump told The New York Times over the weekend he wants Iran to agree to suspend all uranium enrichment for 15 to 20 years — but he also wants permanent restrictions that say Iran can “only enrich for nonmilitary purposes. Forever.”
Sanctions relief
Under the JCPOA, in exchange for Iran agreeing to limits on its nuclear program, it was granted relief from international sanctions. The sanctions relief was phased in and dependent upon verification from the IAEA, and both the JCPOA and the United Nations Security Council set a schedule for lifting sanctions.
Under the memorandum, U.S. sanctions will be lifted on an agreed-upon schedule as part of a final deal, not so different from the JCPOA.
One key difference is that several other countries involved in sanctioning Iran were parties to the JCPOA, including China, Russia, the U.K. and Germany. The new memorandum is a bilateral deal between the U.S. and Iran, so it’s unclear how third-party countries that also have sanctions on Iran will react.
But the memorandum of understanding gives Iran immediate waivers for oil and petroleum exports, according to the text as read by U.S. senior officials.
Nikki Haley, the president’s former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, balked at the possibility of Iran profiting from oil sales immediately.
“If this is true, Iran wins,” she wrote on X. “There should be zero sanctions relief day one.”
Iran has claimed in recent days that the deal would also lead to the immediate unfreezing of billions of dollars in Iranian assets that were frozen under U.S. sanctions. The Trump administration has denied this, saying Iran will only get sanctions relief after it complies with its obligations.
Funding for Iran
The Iran memorandum says the U.S. and regional partners will “develop a definitive mutually agreed plan with at least USD $300 billion for the reconstruction and economic development of the Islamic Republic of Iran,” with a mechanism for implementation to be discussed later.
The president, however, insists that any investments in Iran would be voluntary.
“We are not investing any money in Iran, by the way,” the president said at the G7 summit in France. “The rumor got out there yesterday, it was ridiculous. We have the right to go in some day and do, if I want to do something or if somebody wants to do something. But we are not investing any money, we have no obligation to invest any money in Iran.”
The JCPOA did not include funding for economic development.
In 2016, however, Iran did receive $1.7 billion in cash from the U.S. to settle a decades-old dispute. Before Iran’s 1979 revolution, the country paid the U.S. $400 million for arms purchases that were never delivered. Under former President Barack Obama, the U.S. returned that money, with interest amounting to roughly $1.3 billion.
Ballistic missiles
The JCPOA did not put limits on Iran’s conventional military, including its supply of ballistic missiles, something for which the deal was criticized.
The new memorandum doesn’t mention ballistic missiles, either. On Wednesday, Mr. Trump said he thinks it’s “okay” for Iran to have ballistic missiles in proportion to the stockpiles of neighboring countries.
“If other countries have them, it’s a little bit unfair for them not to have some,” he said. “A ballistic missile is not the same thing as what we’re talking about when we talk nuclear. But if Saudi Arabia and Qatar and they all have some, I would say in relative proportion, I think it’s okay. That’s what I mean.”
State-sponsored terrorism
Neither the JCPOA nor the latest Iran memorandum explicitly addresses consequences for funding terrorism.
Mr. Trump told reporters Wednesday his administration will work on a “parallel effort” with Persian Gulf nations to address “non-nuclear issues,” like Iran’s conventional missiles and funding of terrorist proxies.
Iran’s funding of militant groups like Hamas, Hezbollah and the Houthis — which the U.S. has designated as terrorist organizations — has long been a point of contention.
Under the JCPOA, terrorism-related sanctions the U.S. imposed on the Iranian regime remained in place, although critics suggested the sanctions relief the U.S. provided could free up cash for Iran to fund terrorism.
