2026年4月22日 / 美国东部时间下午12:56 / 哥伦比亚广播公司新闻
马德里——本周西班牙各地登记点排起长队，一项新特赦计划正式开放申请，预计将有至少50万无证移民获得在西班牙居留和工作的合法身份。
该计划于本月生效，为无证移民提供有效期一年且可续签的居留许可，前提是他们能证明自己已在西班牙居住至少五个月且无犯罪记录。
申请通道于周一开启，将持续至6月底。
People wait in a line to enter the Spanish Commission For Refugee Aid (CEAR) in Madrid, Spain, April 22, 2026, to apply for regularized immigration status under an amnesty program for undocumented migrants approved by Spain’s left-wing government. Thomas COEX/AFP/Getty
尽管计划已启动，但这项让西班牙与其他采取更严格移民限制措施的欧洲主要经济体形成鲜明对比的政策，本身正面临重大国内挑战。
西班牙领导人为何称移民特赦必要
西班牙政府表示，该计划预计惠及约50万人，但各方估算差异巨大。
据路透社报道，西班牙智库Funcas称，西班牙境内约有84万无证务工人员。隶属于西班牙国家警察部队的国家移民与边境中心（CNIF）则表示，该国最终可能有75万至100万人提出申请。
西班牙的无证移民绝大多数来自哥伦比亚、委内瑞拉等拉美国家，但也有不少来自非洲和亚洲。
西班牙首相、社会党人佩德罗·桑切斯将这项政策称为道德和经济上的必然之举，称许多无证工人早已融入西班牙经济，在缺乏法律保护的情况下从事关键行业的工作。
Spanish President Pedro Sanchez is seen during a United Nations Panel of Experts on AI, April 22, 2026, in Madrid, Spain. Jesus Hellin/Europa Press/Getty
他表示，特赦将保障这些工人的权益，助力西班牙经济发展和应对人口老龄化问题。
今年早些时候，桑切斯在《纽约时报》撰文时，将本国政策与其他地区更严格的移民政策进行了对比，他写道：“一些领导人选择通过非法且残忍的行动追捕并驱逐他们。而我国政府选择了另一条道路。”
“绕过国会令人担忧”
该计划将面临桑切斯政治对手的强烈反对，他们认为西班牙本国工人应填补劳动力市场缺口，以降低该国失业率——西班牙失业率是欧盟最高的国家之一。
反对者还对桑切斯政府通过皇家法令推行该政策的方式提出异议。这意味着首相领导的联合政府在议会不占多数的情况下，绕过了议会程序。
西班牙保守党人民党高层人物卡耶塔娜·阿尔瓦雷斯·德·托莱多告诉哥伦比亚广播公司新闻，此举引发了对西班牙民主进程的严重担忧。
“如此重要的决策需要进行议会辩论。绕过国会令人警觉，”她说。
Popular Party deputy Cayetana Alvarez de Toledo is seen speaking during a plenary session of Spain’s Congress, April 22, 2026 in Madrid, Spain. Jesus Hellin/Europa Press/Getty
阿尔瓦雷斯·德·托莱多从实际层面表示，这项措施可能产生“吸引力效应”，可能让更多人面临被贩运移民和难民的有组织犯罪网络迫害的风险。
“如果传递出‘抵达西班牙就能留下’的信号，显然会带来相应后果，”她在接受哥伦比亚广播公司新闻采访时说道。
阿尔瓦雷斯·德·托莱多还警告称，政府的“单边”行动可能影响西班牙与其他欧盟成员国的关系，其中许多国家近年来都采取了限制移民、尤其是无证移民的措施。
西班牙反对党已承诺通过多种渠道抗争这项政策，极右翼政党呼声党已正式请求西班牙最高法院在该法案审理期间暂停这项皇家法令。
西班牙此前曾实施过类似计划，在1986年至2005年间六次向无证移民特赦，其中包括保守党政府执政时期。
这项举措最终会成为各国效仿的范本，还是一个警示案例，可能取决于政府能否成功处理申请量，以及能否平息围绕该政策的政治风波。
As undocumented migrants line up for Spain’s amnesty program, political opponents vow a fight
April 22, 2026 / 12:56 PM EDT / CBS News
Madrid — There were long lines at registration points across Spain this week as applications opened under a new amnesty program expected to see at least 500,000 undocumented migrants gain legal status to stay and work in the country.
The program came into effect this month, offering undocumented migrants a one-year renewable residence permit if they can prove they have lived in Spain for at least five months and have no criminal record.
The application window opened Monday and runs until the end of June.
People wait in a line to enter the Spanish Commission For Refugee Aid (CEAR) in Madrid, Spain, April 22, 2026, to apply for regularized immigration status under an amnesty program for undocumented migrants approved by Spain’s left-wing government. Thomas COEX/AFP/Getty
But even as it gets underway, the program that sets Spain distinctly apart from other major European economies tackling the immigration issue with tighter restrictions, is itself facing major domestic challenges.
Why Spain’s leader says the immigration amnesty is needed
Spain’s government says the program will likely cover around 500,000 people, but estimates vary widely.
The Spanish think tank Funcas says, according to the Reuters news agency, there are likely some 840,000 undocumented people working in Spain. The National Center for Immigration and Borders (CNIF), part of Spain’s national police force, says between 750,000 and 1 million people in the country could ultimately apply.
Undocumented migrants in Spain overwhelmingly come from Latin American countries such as Colombia and Venezuela, but there are also many from Africa and Asia.
Socialist Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez has framed the policy as both a moral and economic necessity, arguing that many undocumented workers are already embedded in Spain’s economy, and working in key sectors without legal protections.
Spanish President Pedro Sanchez is seen during a United Nations Panel of Experts on AI, April 22, 2026, in Madrid, Spain. Jesus Hellin/Europa Press/Getty
The amnesty, he says, will safeguard those workers and help sustain Spain’s economy and aging population.
Writing in The New York Times earlier this year, Sanchez contrasted his approach with more restrictive immigration policies elsewhere, writing: “Some leaders have chosen to hunt them down and deport them through operations that are both unlawful and cruel. My government has chosen a different way.”
“Bypassing Congress is alarming”
The program is set to face significant challenges from Sanchez’ political opponents, who argue that Spanish workers should fill labor market shortages to ease the country’s unemployment rate, which is one of the highest in the European Union.
The opposition also takes issue with the way Sanchez’s government ushered in the policy — by royal decree. It meant parliament, where the prime minister’s governing coalition lacks a majority, was bypassed.
Cayetana Álvarez de Toledo, a senior figure in the conservative People’s Party, told CBS News the move raises serious concerns about the democratic process in Spain.
“Such an important decision needs a parliamentary debate. Bypassing Congress is alarming,” she said.
Popular Party deputy Cayetana Alvarez de Toledo is seen speaking during a plenary session of Spain’s Congress, April 22, 2026 in Madrid, Spain. Jesus Hellin/Europa Press/Getty
On a practical level, Álvarez de Toledo said the measure could create a “pull effect,” potentially putting more people at risk of victimization by organized criminal networks that traffic migrants and refugees.
“If the message becomes: ‘Make it to Spain and you stay in Spain,’ that has obvious consequences,” she told CBS News.
Álvarez de Toledo also warned that the government’s “unilateral” move could affect Spain’s relations with its fellow EU members, many of which have taken measures in recent years to restrict migration, especially undocumented migration.
Spain’s opposition has pledged to fight the policy through multiple channels, and the far-right Vox party has already filed a formal request for the country’s Supreme Court to suspend the royal decree while the measure is adjudicated.
Spain has implemented similar programs before, granting amnesty to undocumented migrants six times between 1986 and 2005, including under conservative governments.
Whether this initiative eventually becomes a model for others to replicate, or a cautionary tale, may depend on how successfully the government can manage the volume of applications, and the political storm building around it.