发布时间：2026年1月21日，美国东部时间下午5:55 | 更新时间：2026年1月22日，美国东部时间凌晨2:57 | 来源：CNN政治频道
作者：美联社
根据美联社获得的美国移民和海关执法局（ICE）内部备忘录，联邦移民官员正在宣称无需法官令即可强行进入民宅的广泛权力，这标志着长期以来旨在尊重政府搜查行为宪法限制的指导方针发生重大逆转。
该备忘录授权ICE官员仅依据更窄范围的行政令即可使用武力进入住所，逮捕已被下达最终驱逐令的人员。倡导者称此举与《第四修正案》的保护条款相冲突，并颠覆了多年来向移民社区提供的建议。
这一转变发生在特朗普政府在全国范围内大幅扩大移民逮捕行动之际，数千名官员被部署开展大规模驱逐运动，已开始重塑明尼阿波利斯等城市的执法策略。
国会山民主党人立即对ICE的这项指令发出警告。参议员理查德·布卢门撒尔周三呼吁国土安全部部长克里斯蒂·诺姆和代理ICE主任托德·莱昂斯就该备忘录在国会作证。
布卢门撒尔向参议院国土安全委员会和司法委员会主席发送信件，要求在“令人震惊的匿名举报人披露”后“立即”传唤证人作证。
这位康涅狄格州参议员周三还向诺姆和莱昂斯发送了另一封信，指出该备忘录声称移民官员拥有此类广泛权力，“应该令所有美国人震惊”。
“每个美国人都应该对这项秘密ICE政策感到恐惧，该政策授权其特工破门而入并闯入你的家。这是一项在法律和道德上都令人憎恶的政策，体现了美国正在实时目睹的那种危险、可耻的滥用行为，”布卢门撒尔在新闻稿中表示。
明尼苏达州民主党州长蒂姆·瓦尔兹称该备忘录是“对自由和隐私的攻击”。
多年来，移民权益倡导者、法律援助组织和地方政府一直敦促民众不要向移民官员开门，除非他们出示法官签署的搜查令。这一指导方针源于最高法院的裁决，通常禁止执法人员在未经司法批准的情况下进入民宅。在政府加强移民打击行动导致逮捕加速之际，ICE的这项指令直接削弱了此前的建议。
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根据举报人投诉，该备忘录本身并未在机构内部广泛分发，但它的内容已被用于培训新招募的ICE官员，这些官员正被派往城镇执行总统的移民打击行动。举报人披露称，新雇佣的ICE人员和仍在培训中的人员被要求遵循备忘录的指导，而非与备忘录相矛盾的书面培训材料。
目前尚不清楚这项指令在移民执法行动中的适用范围有多广。美联社记者1月11日目睹ICE官员仅持行政令，身着重型战术装备、手持步枪，强行闯入明尼阿波利斯一名利比里亚男子的家中。
这一变化几乎肯定会面临法律挑战以及倡导组织和支持移民的州与地方政府的强烈批评，这些组织和政府多年来一直成功劝说民众除非ICE出示法官签署的搜查令，否则不要开门。
美联社从国会一名官员处获得了该备忘录和举报信，该官员要求匿名以讨论敏感文件。美联社核实了投诉中陈述的真实性。
由ICE代理主任托德·莱昂斯签署、日期为2025年5月12日的备忘录称：“尽管美国国土安全部（DHS）历史上并未仅依靠行政令逮捕居住在其住所内且已被下达最终驱逐令的外国人，但DHS法律顾问办公室最近裁定，美国宪法、《移民与国籍法》和移民条例并未禁止为此目的依赖行政令。”
备忘录未详细说明该裁定是如何做出的，也未说明其可能产生的法律影响。
当被问及该备忘录时，国土安全部发言人特里西亚·麦克劳克林在给美联社的电子邮件声明中表示，所有收到行政令的人都已拥有“充分的正当法律程序和最终驱逐令”。
她说，签发这些行政令的官员也已找到了逮捕此人的合理依据。她称最高法院和国会“已认可移民执法中行政令的合法性”，但未进一步阐述。麦克劳克林没有回应关于自备忘录发布以来ICE官员是否仅依靠行政令进入民宅以及此类情况发生频率的问题。
近期逮捕行动凸显执法策略
协助揭发不当行为的政府官员的非营利组织Whistleblower Aid在美联社获得的举报信中表示，该组织代表两名匿名美国政府官员“披露一项秘密且看似违宪的政策指令”。
近期一系列备受瞩目的逮捕行动，其中许多发生在私人住宅和企业，并被拍摄下来，凸显了移民逮捕策略，包括官员们使用适当搜查令的情况。
大多数移民逮捕行动依据的是行政令，这是移民当局签发的授权逮捕特定个人的内部文件，但不允许官员在未经同意的情况下强行进入私人住宅或其他非公共空间。只有法官签署的搜查令才拥有这种权力。
所有执法行动——包括ICE和海关与边境保护局开展的行动——均受宪法第四修正案约束，该修正案保护该国所有人免受不合理搜查和扣押。
人们在法律上可以拒绝联邦移民官员进入私人财产，只要官员只有行政令（有限例外情况除外）。
本月，联邦特工撞开明尼阿波利斯一名2023年就被下达驱逐令的利比里亚男子的家门，随后将其逮捕。美联社审查的文件显示，特工们仅持有行政令——这意味着没有法官批准对私人财产进行突袭。
备忘录仅限“特定”官员查看
备忘录称，ICE官员可以仅持签名的行政令（I-205）强行进入民宅并逮捕移民，如果他们持有移民法官、移民上诉委员会或地区法官或治安法官签发的最终驱逐令。
备忘录称，官员必须首先敲门，表明身份和来意。他们进入民宅的时间有限制——凌晨6点之后至晚上10点之前。屋内人员必须有“合理机会合法行动”。但如果不起作用，备忘录称他们可以使用武力进入。
“如果外国人拒绝进入，ICE官员和特工应仅使用必要和合理数量的武力进入外国人的住所，并在进入前适当通知其权力和意图，”备忘录写道。
该备忘录是发给所有ICE人员的，但仅向“特定国土安全部官员”展示，这些官员随后与部分员工分享，要求他们阅读并归还。
Whistleblower Aid在披露中写道，两名举报人之一仅在主管在场的情况下才能查看该备忘录，之后必须归还，且不允许做笔记。另一名举报人能够获取该文件并合法向国会披露。
尽管该备忘录于5月发布，但Whistleblower Aid高级副总裁兼特别法律顾问大卫·克利格曼表示，其客户花了一些时间才找到“安全合法的途径向立法者和美国民众披露该文件”。
ICE被要求仅依赖行政令
ICE正在迅速招聘数千名新驱逐官员以执行总统的大规模驱逐议程。他们在乔治亚州布伦瑞克的联邦执法培训中心接受培训。
美联社8月参观该中心时，ICE官员多次表示新官员正在接受遵循第四修正案的培训。
但根据举报人的说法，新雇佣的ICE官员被要求仅依靠行政令即可进入民宅进行逮捕，尽管这与国土安全部的书面培训材料相冲突。
ICE官员通常会等待数小时，直到他们希望逮捕的人出来，以便在人行道或其工作地点（公共场合）进行逮捕，避免侵犯个人的第四修正案权利。
Whistleblower Aid称新政策“完全违背法律”，并削弱了“第四修正案及其保护的权利”。
（图片链接：https://news-multimedia-1393112320.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/gettyimages-2255776689.jpg）
备忘录内容要点
- 行政令（I-205）可替代法官令，用于强行进入民宅
- 官员需先敲门表明身份和来意，允许合理时间准备
- 武力使用仅限必要和合理范围，且需在6am-10pm时段内
- 仅向特定政府官员披露，未广泛分发
补充说明：该报道由《国会山报》记者亚历克斯·费尔南德斯和美联社记者共同撰写，CNN的阿莱娜·法亚兹对报道有贡献。
ICE officers assert sweeping power to enter homes without a judge’s warrant, memo says
Published Jan 21, 2026, 5:55 PM ET / Updated Jan 22, 2026, 2:57 AM ET | CNN Politics
By Associated Press
Federal immigration officers are asserting sweeping power to forcibly enter people’s homes without a judge’s warrant, according to an internal Immigration and Customs Enforcement memo obtained by The Associated Press, marking a sharp reversal of longstanding guidance meant to respect constitutional limits on government searches.
The memo authorizes ICE officers to use force to enter a residence based solely on a more narrow administrative warrant to arrest someone with a final order of removal, a move that advocates say collides with Fourth Amendment protections and upends years of advice given to immigrant communities.
The shift comes as the Trump administration dramatically expands immigration arrests nationwide, deploying thousands of officers under a mass deportation campaign that is already reshaping enforcement tactics in cities such as Minneapolis.
Democrats on Capitol Hill immediately began sounding the alarm over the ICE directive. Sen. Richard Blumenthal on Wednesday called for Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem and acting ICE Director Todd Lyons to testify before Congress about the memo.
Blumenthal sent a letter to the chairs of the Senate Homeland Security Committee and the Judiciary Committee asking them to “immediately” call for the testimony following “a shocking anonymous whistleblower disclosure.”
The Connecticut senator also sent a letter Wednesday to Noem and Lyons, writing that the memo, asserting that immigration officers have these sweeping powers, should “appall every American.”
“Every American should be terrified by this secret ICE policy authorizing its agents to kick down your door and storm into your home. It is a legally and morally abhorrent policy that exemplifies the kinds of dangerous, disgraceful abuses America is seeing in real time,” Blumenthal said in a news release.
Democratic Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz called the memo an “assault on freedom and privacy.”
For years, immigrant advocates, legal aid groups and local governments have urged people not to open their doors to immigration agents unless they are shown a warrant signed by a judge. That guidance is rooted in Supreme Court rulings that generally prohibit law enforcement from entering a home without judicial approval. The ICE directive directly undercuts that advice at a time when arrests are accelerating under the administration’s immigration crackdown.
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The memo itself has not been widely shared within the agency, according to a whistleblower complaint, but its contents have been used to train new ICE officers who are being deployed into cities and towns to implement the president’s immigration crackdown. New ICE hires and those still in training are being told to follow the memo’s guidance instead of written training materials that actually contradict the memo, according to the whistleblower disclosure.
It is unclear how broadly the directive has been applied in immigration enforcement operations. The Associated Press witnessed ICE officers ramming through the front door of the home of a Liberian man in Minneapolis on January 11 with only an administrative warrant, wearing heavy tactical gear and with their rifles drawn.
The change is almost certain to meet legal challenges and stiff criticism from advocacy groups and immigrant-friendly state and local governments that have spent years successfully urging people not to open their doors unless ICE shows them a warrant signed by a judge.
The Associated Press obtained the memo and whistleblower complaint from an official in Congress, who shared it on condition of anonymity to discuss sensitive documents. The AP verified the authenticity of the accounts in the complaint.
The memo, signed by the acting director of ICE, Todd Lyons, and dated May 12, 2025, says: “Although the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has not historically relied on administrative warrants alone to arrest aliens subject to final orders of removal in their place of residence, the DHS Office of the General Counsel has recently determined that the U.S. Constitution, the Immigration and Nationality Act, and the immigration regulations do not prohibit relying on administrative warrants for this purpose.”
The memo does not detail how that determination was made nor what its legal repercussions might be.
When asked about the memo, Homeland Security spokeswoman Tricia McLaughlin said in an emailed statement to the AP that everyone the department serves with an administrative warrant has already had “full due process and a final order of removal.”
She said the officers issuing those warrants have also found probable cause for the person’s arrest. She said the Supreme Court and Congress have “recognized the propriety of administrative warrants in cases of immigration enforcement,” without elaborating. McLaughlin did not respond to questions about whether ICE officers entered a person’s home since the memo was issued relying solely on an administrative warrant and if so, how often.
Recent arrests shine a light on tactics
Whistleblower Aid, a non-profit legal organization that assists workers exposing wrongdoings, said in the whistleblower complaint obtained by The Associated Press that it represents two anonymous US government officials “disclosing a secretive – and seemingly unconstitutional – policy directive.”
A wave of recent high-profile arrests, many unfolding at private homes and businesses and captured on video, has shined a spotlight on immigration arrest tactics, including officers’ use of proper warrants.
Most immigration arrests are carried out under administrative warrants, internal documents issued by immigration authorities that authorize the arrest of a specific individual but do not permit officers to forcibly enter private homes or other non-public spaces without consent. Only warrants signed by judges carry that authority.
All law enforcement operations — including those conducted by ICE and Customs and Border Protection — are governed by the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution, which protects all people in the country from unreasonable searches and seizures.
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People can legally refuse federal immigration agents entry into private property if the agents only have an administrative warrant, with some limited exceptions.
Federal agents this month rammed the door of the Minneapolis home of a Liberian man with a deportation order from 2023, who was then arrested. Documents reviewed by The AP revealed that the agents only had an administrative warrant — meaning there was no judge who authorized the raid on private property.
Memo shown to ‘select’ officials
The memo says ICE officers can forcibly enter homes and arrest immigrants using just a signed administrative warrant known as an I-205 if they have a final order of removal issued by an immigration judge, the Board of Immigration Appeals or a district judge or magistrate judge.
The memo says officers must first knock on the door and share who they are and why they’re at the residence. They’re limited in the hours they can go into the home — after 6 a.m. and before 10 p.m. The people inside must be given a “reasonable chance to act lawfully.” But if that doesn’t work, the memo says, they can use force to go in.
“Should the alien refuse admittance, ICE officers and agents should use only a necessary and reasonable amount of force to enter the alien’s residence, following proper notification of the officer or agent’s authority and intent to enter,” the memo reads.
The memo is addressed to all ICE personnel. But it has been shown only to “select DHS officials” who then shared it with some employees who were told to read it and return it, Whistleblower Aid wrote in the disclosure.
One of the two whistleblowers was allowed to view the memo only in the presence of a supervisor and then had to give it back. That person was not allowed to take notes. A whistleblower was able to access the document and lawfully disclose to Congress, Whistleblower Aid said.
Although the memo was issued in May, David Kligerman, senior vice president and special counsel at Whistleblower Aid, said it took time for its clients to find a “safe and legal path to disclose it to lawmakers and the American people.”
ICE officers are told to rely solely on administrative warrants, memo says
ICE has been rapidly hiring thousands of new deportation officers to carry out the president’s mass deportation agenda. They’re trained at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center in Brunswick, Georgia.
During a visit there by The Associated Press in August, ICE officials said repeatedly that new officers were being trained to follow the Fourth Amendment.
But according to the whistleblowers’ account, newly hired ICE officers are being told they can rely solely on administrative warrants to enter homes to make arrests even though that conflicts with written Homeland Security training materials.
ICE officers often wait for hours for the person they’re hoping to arrest to come outside so they can make the arrest on the sidewalk or at the person’s work — public places where they are allowed to operate without the risk of infringing on the person’s Fourth Amendment rights.
Whistleblower Aid called the new policy a “complete break from the law” and said it undercuts the “Fourth Amendment and the rights it protects.”
CNN’s Aleena Fayaz contributed to this report.
