2026年4月26日 / 美国东部时间上午11:13 / 哥伦比亚广播公司新闻
近期伊朗问题占据了大量舆论焦点，你可能错过了美国另一个长期对手——一个近在咫尺的对手——局势日益紧张的消息。
4月13日，在就伊朗战争发表讲话时，特朗普总统表示：“我们处理完伊朗这边的事之后，可能会顺路去古巴一趟。”
美国几乎阻断了所有前往古巴的石油运输，将该国推向崩溃边缘。与此同时，两国间的高层对话正在进行中。
特朗普并未透露具体细节，但他曾这样说道：“我这辈子一直都在听美国和古巴的话题：美国何时才能采取行动？我确实很荣幸能有机会接管古巴。”
- 特朗普为何谈及对古巴采取行动？此举可能会是什么样的？
这座距离佛罗里达州仅90英里的岛国，近70年来在美国外交政策中确实占据了远超其体量的地位。但回到20世纪50年代，大多数美国人对古巴的印象不过是一个享乐主义天堂。
“那是个无拘无束的游乐场，有赌场，有卖淫行业……而且在很大程度上，事实也确实如此，”古巴裔美国人、迈阿密戴德学院历史学教授豪尔赫·马拉贡·马尔克斯说道，“弗兰克·辛纳屈这类名人会前来造访。那里就是派对天堂。”
“美国人当时看不到的是，普通古巴人内心深处潜藏的不满情绪，”他补充道。
许多古巴人勉强度日，在完全由美国人拥有的行业中工作。“古巴人欢迎美国游客或其他访客前来，但经济控制权完全掌握在外国人手中，这才是真正让他们感到困扰的地方，”马尔克斯说道。对许多古巴人而言，半个世纪前的记忆依然清晰：美西战争结束后，美国于1902年“赋予”古巴“某种形式的”独立。
但古巴真的获得独立了吗？“就像我给我十几岁的孩子的那种独立，”马尔克斯笑着说，“意思就是，‘当然，你是独立的，只要你晚上10点前回家就行。’”
与迈阿密戴德学院历史学教授豪尔赫·马拉贡·马尔克斯的莫·罗卡，其家族于1967年逃离古巴。 哥伦比亚广播公司新闻
没错，古巴是主权国家，但美国可以在其利益受到威胁时随时进行干预——这种情况直到20世纪30年代才有所改变，且此前美国已多次付诸行动。因此，到20世纪50年代末，革命的条件已然成熟。
但如果说其他拉美国家都对美国抱有不满，那古巴究竟有何特殊性，让一个长达数十年的共产主义独裁政权得以在此扎根？“关键在于菲德尔主义，”马尔克斯说道，“这是一种个人崇拜。如果换作其他人，这个政权在头一两年就会土崩瓦解。”
古巴独裁者菲德尔·卡斯特罗。 哥伦比亚广播公司新闻
已故的菲德尔·卡斯特罗于1959年上台，成为冷战时期的核心角色，引发了人们对共产主义在美洲扩散的担忧。他的威权政权历经了长达数十年的贸易禁运、将世界推向核战争边缘的导弹危机，以及古巴长期盟友苏联的解体。
马尔克斯至今仍记得卡斯特罗对童年在古巴成长的5岁孩子的影响：“我当时大概上一年级，或者刚要上一年级。他们有个叫‘革命先锋’的组织——你要系红领巾。老师会说，‘低下头，向上帝祈祷要糖果。’孩子们会低下头，向上帝祈祷要糖果……然后睁开眼睛。”
等不到糖果出现，孩子们就会被告知：“‘低下头，闭上眼睛，向菲德尔要糖果。’……但愿这都是我编的！结果真的，糖果就出现了。”
马尔克斯和家人于1967年逃离古巴，自20世纪60年代初以来，已有超过150万人离开该岛前往美国。
埃尔莎和贝基·科博已故的父亲阿图罗1960年在哈瓦那还是个少年时，亲眼目睹自己父亲的银行被政权没收。“他看到军队过来，从我祖父手里拿走钥匙，告诉他‘滚’，从那时起他就说，‘我们必须做点什么’，”埃尔莎说道。
1961年4月，一群受美国支持的古巴流亡者在猪湾发动入侵后，被卡斯特罗的士兵俘虏于古巴吉隆滩。 三只狮子/盖蒂图片社
阿图罗逃往美国，并加入了由中央情报局训练的古巴流亡旅。1961年4月，该旅在古巴猪湾登陆，执行推翻卡斯特罗政权的秘密行动。士兵们原本期待美军提供空中掩护，但在最后关头，民主党总统约翰·F·肯尼迪取消了行动——古巴裔美国人永远不会忘记这一转折。
“他们基本上就是被留在那里等死，”埃尔莎说道。
当被问及为何如此多古巴裔美国人坚定支持共和党时，马尔克斯回答：“猪湾事件。就是这个原因。不需要再找别的理由了。”
- 菲德尔·卡斯特罗如何对抗美国并取得胜利（《星期日早间新闻》）
阿图罗·科博在古巴监狱中度过了近两年。获释后，他在佛罗里达州基韦斯特定居，他的女儿们如今仍居住在那里。
在那里，阿图罗帮助了一批又一批从祖国逃来的难民。许多人没能熬过这场渡海之旅。
在基韦斯特植物园，你可以看到他们绝望的佐证——古巴人用来前往美国的简易筏子，其中一些是用聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料制成的。
一些古巴难民使用的简易船只，或称“小快艇”，它们完成了90英里的横渡前往佛罗里达。 哥伦比亚广播公司新闻
阿图罗·科博于2019年去世。和众多逃离卡斯特罗统治古巴的人一样，他再也没有回去过。“他们来到美国时，盼望着有一天古巴能获得自由，”贝基说道，“却从没想过……他们永远等不到那一天了。”
- 随着特朗普继续推进与古巴的协议，南佛罗里达的流亡者希望追回被没收的财产
豪尔赫·马拉贡·马尔克斯表示，这些移民潮重塑了南佛罗里达。但他们留在古巴的亲友的缺席，或许也能解释该政权为何能长久存续：“那些本会起来反抗的人？都走了。不得不说，菲德尔·卡斯特罗确实有一套，从某种邪恶的角度来说，他是个邪恶的天才。”
但卡斯特罗已于2016年去世，冷战也早已结束。几乎没人认为古巴会像过去那样对美国构成威胁。古巴经济在共产党统治下从未繁荣过，自新冠疫情以来更是直线下滑，自2021年以来，近五分之一的人口选择离开。
一场不断恶化的能源和经济危机，部分因美国的经济制裁而加剧，已让古巴依赖外国援助和包括墨西哥、俄罗斯在内的盟国的石油运输。 哥伦比亚广播公司新闻
而如今，特朗普政府正对本就摇摇欲坠的古巴施加更大压力，加剧了其人道主义危机。特朗普谈及古巴时说道：“无论我是解放它，还是接管它，我想我都可以为所欲为。”
佛罗里达海峡两岸的古巴人都在思考，接下来会发生什么。
The long history of America’s conflict with Cuba
April 26, 2026 / 11:13 AM EDT / CBS News
With so much attention on Iran in recent weeks, you may have missed the news about the increasingly tense situation with another longtime adversary of the United States – one closer to home.
On April 13, while making remarks about the war in Iran, President Trump said, “We may stop by Cuba after we’re finished with this.”
The U.S. has blocked nearly all oil shipments into Cuba, pushing it to the brink of collapse. Meanwhile, high-level talks between the two countries are underway.
Mr. Trump hasn’t offered details, but has said this: “All my life I’ve been hearing about the United States and Cuba: when will the United States do it? I do believe I’ll be the honor, having the honor of taking Cuba.”
- Why is Trump talking about action on Cuba and what could that look like?
The island nation just 90 miles from Florida has indeed played an outsized role in our foreign policy for close to 70 years. But back in the 1950s, most Americans thought of Cuba as little more than a hedonistic paradise.
It was “a playground where anything goes, where there are casinos, where there’s prostitution … and to a great extent, that was true,” said Jorge Malagon Marquez, a Cuban-American, and a professor of history at Miami Dade college. “You had celebrities like Frank Sinatra coming down. It’s party time.
“What Americans weren’t seeing was the dissatisfaction amongst regular Cubans running just below the surface,” he said.
Many Cubans were subsisting, and working in industries outright owned by Americans. “Cubans loved Americans coming as tourists or what have you, but it was the control of the economy that really bothered them,” Marquez said. And for many Cubans, memories were still fresh from half a century earlier when, after the Spanish American War, the U.S. won a “sort of” independence for Cuba in 1902.
But was Cuba really independent? “It’s independence like independence I gave my teenage kids,” laughed Marquez, “which means like, ‘Sure, you’re independent, so long as you’re home by 10 o’clock.’”
Mo Rocca with Miami Dade College history professor Jorge Malagon Marquez, whose family fled Cuba in 1967. CBS News
Yes, Cuba was a sovereign nation, but the United States could intervene anytime its interests were at stake – which it did repeatedly, until the 1930s. And so, by the late 1950s, conditions were ripe for revolution.
But if other Latin American countries had grievances against the United States, what was it about Cuba that allowed a decades-long communist dictatorship to take root there? “It’s Fidelismo,” said Marquez. “It’s a cult of personality. If it had been anybody else, this would’ve fizzled out within the first couple of years.”
Cuban dictator Fidel Castro. CBS News
The late Fidel Castro came to power in 1959, and became a central actor in the Cold War, sparking fears of Communism spreading in the Americas. His authoritarian regime has survived a decades-long trade embargo … a missile crisis that brought the world to the brink of nuclear war … and the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba’s longtime patron.
Marquez still remembers the hold Castro had over a five-year-old growing up in Cuba: “I was, like, in first grade or just starting first grade. And they have something called the Pioneers for the Revolution – you wear a red scarf. And they would ask, ‘Bow your heads and pray to God for candy.’ And the children would bow their heads and pray to God for candy … and open your eyes.”
After no candy appeared, the children would be told, “‘Bow your heads, close your eyes, and ask Fidel for candy.’ … I wish I were making this up! And lo and behold, there will be the candy.”
Marquez and his family fled Cuba in 1967, among the more than 1.5 million who have left the island for the U.S. since the early 1960s.
Elsa and Becky Cobo’s late father, Arturo, was a teenager in Havana in 1960 when he witnessed his own father’s bank being seized by the regime. “He saw the military come and take basically the keys from my grandfather and tell him, ‘Go,’ and that’s when he said, ‘We gotta do something,’” said Elsa.
A group of U.S.-backed Cuban exiles who attempted an invasion at the Bay of Pigs are seen after being captured by Castro’s soldiers, on the Playa de Giron, Cuba, April 1961. Three Lions/Getty Images
Arturo escaped to the U.S., and enlisted in the CIA-trained brigade of Cuban exiles who, in April 1961, landed at Cuba’s Bay of Pigs in a secret operation meant to overthrow the Castro regime. The soldiers were expecting air cover from the Americans. At the last minute, though, Democratic President John F. Kennedy pulled the plug – a turn of events Cuban-Americans never forgot.
“They were basically left there to die,” said Elsa.
Asked why so many Cuban-Americans are so staunchly Republican, Marquez replied, “Bay of Pigs. That’s it. You don’t have to go further than that.”
- How Fidel Castro stood up to the U.S., and won (“Sunday Morning”)
Arturo Cobo spent nearly two years in a Cuban prison. When he was released, he settled in Key West, Fla., where his daughters still live today.
There, Arturo helped wave after wave of refugees arriving from his home country. Many didn’t survive the voyage.
At the Key West Botanical Garden, you can see evidence of their desperation – makeshift rafts used by Cubans to reach America, some made of Styrofoam.
Some examples of makeshift Cuban refugee boats, or “chugs,” that made the 90-mile crossing to Florida. CBS News
Arturo Cobo died in 2019. He, like so many others who fled Castro’s Cuba, never returned. “They came over hoping that one day Cuba would be free,” said Becky, “and never imagined … they would not see the day that that would happen.”
- As Trump continues to strike a deal with Cuba, exiles in South Florida hope to recuperate seized property
Jorge Malagon Marquez says those waves of migration have remade South Florida. But their absence in Cuba may also help explain the regime’s longevity: “Those that would have been willing to rise up? Gone. I mean, you gotta give it to Fidel Castro. He was brilliant, you know, in a sort of, like, evil way. He was the evil genius.”
But Castro died in 2016, and the Cold War is long over. Few believe Cuba poses the threat that it once did to the U.S. The Cuban economy, never robust under communist rule, has been in freefall since the pandemic, with nearly a fifth of the population leaving since 2021.
A deepening energy and economic crisis, fueled in part by economic sanctions by the United States, has left Cuba dependent on foreign assistance and oil shipments from allied countries, including Mexico and Russia. CBS News
And now the Trump administration is turning the screws on an already-failing state, worsening its humanitarian crisis. Mr. Trump said of Cuba, “Whether I free it, take it, I think I can do anything I want with it.”
Cubans on both sides of the Florida Straits are pondering what comes next.
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