2026年5月22日 / 美国东部时间下午5:42 / 哥伦比亚广播公司新闻（CBS News）
记者：梅根·塞鲁洛，MoneyWatch专栏
与人工智能相关的裁员公告不断增加，让人们愈发觉得，随着企业大举投入自动化技术，人工智能已经在取代大量美国工人。但人工智能对劳动者的更广泛影响可能更为隐蔽：招聘市场疲软，尤其是初级和入门级岗位的招聘萎缩。
企业软件制造商Intuit本周宣布裁员17%，即3000人，称将把业务重心转向人工智能；Meta平台则于本周三启动8000人裁员计划，将投资重点向人工智能倾斜。上周，思科也宣布了大规模裁员计划，首席执行官查克·罗宾斯在一篇博客文章中表示，公司裁员部分原因是为了投资“全公司范围内员工对人工智能的应用”。
40岁的安德鲁·特兰是Meta的一名产品设计师，也是本周被裁员工之一。他告诉CBS News，他计划在一家他认为“有意识地”使用人工智能、而非主要为了取代员工的公司寻找新工作。
特兰认为，他在Meta的岗位并没有被人工智能直接取代，但他表示，企业显然正在大力拥抱这项技术。
“总体而言，企业有义务对员工进行再培训，而不是将他们弃之不顾，”他在接受采访时补充道，同时强调这一观点针对的是整个企业界，而非特指Meta。
Meta未立即回应置评请求。
大规模裁员潮
再就业咨询公司Challenger, Gray & Christmas的研究显示，今年以来企业宣布的与人工智能相关的裁员人数已接近5万人。据该公司数据，这些裁员约占2026年迄今宣布的总裁员人数（约30万人）的17%。
就在裁员潮涌现的同时，一些分析师警告称，人工智能最终可能会在更大范围内重塑劳动力市场。波士顿咨询集团预测，未来五年内，美国多达15%的工作岗位可能会被裁撤。
经济学家表示，近期大多数与人工智能相关的裁员都局限于高科技行业，同时指出企业并不总是会将人工智能工具作为员工的直接替代品。
“我们看到大量裁员公告声称与人工智能的更广泛应用有关，”安永帕特农首席经济学家格雷格·达科告诉CBS News，“这些举措旨在削减劳动力成本，而人工智能投资正快速增长，但我不完全确定这是人才被技术取代的情况。”
一些经济学家表示，人工智能对劳动力市场的影响可能更多不是通过大规模裁员，而是通过疲软的招聘体现出来。一些企业在评估人工智能如何改变 staffing需求时推迟了招聘，这可能会让年轻和入门级求职者更难找到工作。
换句话说，这些企业可能没有裁员，但也没有创造新的就业岗位。
初级员工处境艰难
招聘疲软往往不像裁员那样引人关注，因为企业很少公开宣布这类决定。高盛集团的研究显示，在过去一年中，人工智能使月度薪资增长减少了约1.6万个工作岗位，推高失业率0.1个百分点。
“人工智能似乎终于开始对劳动力市场产生影响，但实际上主要不是通过裁员增加，而是通过招聘减少，尤其是初级员工的招聘减少，”哥伦比亚商学院管理学副教授丹尼尔·金告诉CBS News。
专家表示，年轻员工可能面临特别的挑战，因为入门级岗位比高级职位更容易实现自动化。
“人工智能的主要影响将来自初级岗位招聘的减少，”金说，他同时指出“高级职位的替代难度要大得多”。
人工智能还可能重塑岗位要求，创造出新的职位，这些职位未必与被自动化技术取代的劳动者的技能相匹配。
“被裁员的人未必能获得下一批工作机会，因为岗位类型已经不同了，”招聘平台HiBob的洞察总监、组织心理学家肯·马托斯说道。
不过他预计，在企业完成大规模人工智能投资后，招聘市场将会回暖。
“目前企业正将劳动力成本投入到技术投资中，”马托斯说，“希望在技术部署完成后，资金能重新回流到劳动力成本中。”
正面公关考量
企业还面临着地缘政治紧张局势、美国关税政策波动以及其他经济不确定性等诸多压力，这些因素都可能导致裁员并抑制招聘。
但达科表示，将裁员归因于人工智能战略，相比提及需求疲软或成本上升，更能向投资者传递积极信号。
“总体而言，宣布裁员在市场和投资者看来并非好事，”达科说，“但当你表示裁员是为了发展人工智能时，从沟通角度来看是积极的。”
将裁员归咎于人工智能，可以帮助企业“将复杂的局面简化为易于理解的单一信息”，康奈尔大学SC约翰逊商学院教授、科技企业家克拉伦斯·李说道。
达科指出，目前仅有约10%的企业使用人工智能来生产商品和提供服务，其中只有一部分企业在用技术取代员工。
“确实存在工作岗位置换，但现阶段我们还没有看到人工智能导致大规模的就业市场动荡，”他说。
谷歌软件工程师、Alphabet员工工会成员丹·弗里德曼认为，近期裁员激增与拥抱人工智能的趋势有关，但同时他也不认为这项技术正在“一对一”地取代工人。
“人工智能只是我们如今必须应对的又一项职场担忧，”他告诉CBS News。
劳动者该何去何从？
专家表示，随着劳动力市场的演变，兼具人工智能技能和适应能力的劳动者将处于最有利的位置。
“人工智能是一个动态的事物，因此我们现在需要的是能够接受风险、乐于持续学习、积极参与变革的人，”马托斯说，“这既是一种技能组合，也是一种个性特质。”
李表示，劳动者应该在了解人工智能能力的同时，认清哪些技能是人类独有的。
“这就是突破口所在，”他说。
——CBS News记者玛丽·坎宁安为本报道贡献了采访内容。
AI job cuts are rising, but experts say layoffs are only part of the story
May 22, 2026 / 5:42 PM EDT / CBS News
By Megan Cerullo Reporter, MoneyWatch
AI-related layoff announcements are mounting, fueling the sense that the technology is already replacing a significant number of U.S. workers as companies invest heavily in automation. But AI’s broader impact on workers may be quieter: weaker hiring, especially for junior and entry-level roles.
Enterprise software maker Intuit this week cut 17% of its staff, or 3,000 people, saying it would shift its focus to AI, while Meta began laying off 8,000 workers on Wednesday as it shifts investment toward AI. Last week, Cisco also announced thousands of job cuts, with CEO Chuck Robbins saying in a blog pos t that it was reducing headcount in part to invest in “employees’ use of AI across the company.”
Andrew Tran, 40, a Meta product designer who was among those losing their job this week, told CBS News he plans to look for a new job at a company that he believes is using AI “intentionally,” rather than chiefly to replace workers.
Tran doesn’t believe his role at Meta was directly replaced by AI, but said it’s clear corporations are leaning into the tech.
“In general, companies should have an obligation to retrain their workforces instead of throwing them to the curb,” he told CBS News, while clarifying that his views are aimed at the corporate sector as a whole and not specifically at Meta.
Meta didn’t immediately reply to a request for comment.
Thousands of job cuts
Companies have announced nearly 50,000 job cuts this year linked to AI, according to research from outplacement firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas. Those layoffs account for roughly 17% of the roughly 300,000 total job cuts announced so far in 2026, the firm’s figures show.
The layoffs come as some analysts warn AI could eventually reshape the labor market on a much larger scale. Boston Consulting Group has projected that up to 15% of U.S. jobs could be eliminated over the next five years.
Economists say that most of the recent AI-related layoffs are limited to the high-tech sector, while noting that companies may not always adopt such tools as a direct substitute for workers.
“We are seeing a lot of layoff announcements that are supposedly related to greater use of AI,” EY-Parthenon chief economist Greg Daco told CBS News. “They are aimed at cutting down on labor expenses, while AI investment is growing very rapidly, but I’m not entirely sure this is a replacement situation where talent is being replaced by technology.”
Some economists say AI’s impact on the labor market may be emerging less through mass layoffs and more through weaker hiring. Some companies are delaying recruitment while they evaluate how AI changes their staffing needs, potentially making it tougher for younger and entry-level workers to find jobs.
In other words, these businesses may not be laying off workers, but they’re also not creating new jobs.
Junior workers squeezed
Lackluster hiring can draw less attention than layoffs because companies rarely announce such decisions. Research from Goldman Sachs shows that in the past year, AI reduced monthly payroll growth by roughly 16,000 jobs, raising the unemployment rate by 0.1 percentage point.
“AI seems to be impacting labor finally, but it’s actually not so much through increased layoffs. The main channel tends to be reduced hiring, especially reduced hiring of junior workers,” Daniel Keum, associate professor of management at Columbia Business School, told CBS News.
Younger workers may face particular challenges because entry-level roles are easier to automate than senior positions, experts said.
“The major sort of impact of AI will come from reduced hiring of juniors,” Keum said, noting that “seniors are a lot more difficult to replace.”
AI may also reshape job requirements, creating new roles that do not necessarily align with the skills of workers displaced by automation.
“The people who get laid off don’t necessarily get the next set of jobs, because the roles are different,” said Ken Matos, an organizational psychologist and director of insights at hiring platform HiBob.
Still, he expects hiring to rebound after companies complete major AI investments.
“Right now, companies are moving labor dollars into tech investment,” Matos said. “Hopefully, that moves back into labor dollars once the technology is set up.”
Positive spin
Corporations are also grappling with a host of other pressures, such as geopolitical tensions, fluctuating U.S. tariff policy and other sources of economic uncertainty, which could be driving layoffs and crimping hiring.
But framing workforce cuts as part of an AI strategy may send a more positive signal to investors than citing weaker demand or rising costs, Daco said.
“When you announce layoffs in general, it’s not seen as a good thing from markets’ and investors’ perspectives,” Daco said. “But when you say you’re proceeding with layoffs because of AI, it’s positive from a communications standpoint.”
Attributing job cuts to AI can help companies “frame a complex picture into a simple message that is easily understood,” said Clarence Lee, a tech entrepreneur and professor at the Cornell SC Johnson College of Business.
Only about 10% of firms currently use AI to produce goods and services, and only a subset are replacing workers with the technology, according to Daco.
“There is some job displacement, but we are not seeing massive job dislocation as a result of AI at this stage,” he said.
Dan Freedman, a Google software engineer and member of the Alphabet Workers Union, sees a link between the recent jump in layoffs and the push to embrace AI, while noting that he doesn’t believe the tech is replacing workers “one for one.”
“AI is just the latest fear about our jobs that we have to work through now,” he told CBS News.
What should workers do?
Experts say workers who combine AI skills with adaptability may be best positioned as the labor market evolves.
“AI is a dynamic beast, so we are now looking for the ability to accept risk, people who are motivated by continuous learning, who are engaged by the transformation,” Matos said. “It’s a personality trait as much as it’s a skill-set.”
Lee said workers should focus on understanding what AI can do while identifying skills that remain uniquely human.
“That’s where the magic unlocks,” he said.
—CBS News’ Mary Cunningham contributed to this story.