2026年7月1日 / 美国东部时间早上7:44 / 哥伦比亚广播公司新闻（CBS News）
作者：乔安妮·斯托克 核实制片人
乔安妮·斯托克是哥伦比亚广播公司新闻的核实制片人。她此前曾担任库尔德斯坦24英语频道主编以及《防务邮报》执行主编，拥有超过15年将开源调查方法与实地报道相结合的经验，报道冲突、恐怖主义和虚假信息相关议题。
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伦敦电—— 2月美国和以色列对伊朗发动联合战争后，德黑兰几乎立刻做出回应，如今已证实这是其最有力的武器之一——瘫痪霍尔木兹海峡的能力。
伊朗通过炮击或威胁打击未寻求其许可的船只，实质上关闭了这条主要航运通道。此前全球五分之一的石油通常通过该海峡的油轮运输。航运拥堵导致油价飙升，几乎影响到全球所有人，包括仍在承受高油价的美国民众。
自两周前美伊签署谅解备忘录以来，海峡通航量稳步回升。该框架协议要求解除美国和伊朗的相关限制，并在至少60天内实现海峡免费通行，这一时期也是美伊双方商定的更广泛和平协议谈判期。
但一些专家认为，无论双方最终达成何种协议，霍尔木兹海峡都将无法恢复到战前状态。
一艘泰国油轮“马约里·纳里号”在霍尔木兹海峡遇袭后冒出浓烟。泰国皇家海军/法新社/盖蒂图片社
“我们不再面临我们所熟悉的战前霍尔木兹海峡传统海事格局，”华盛顿智库近东政策研究所高级研究员诺阿姆·雷登对哥伦比亚广播公司新闻表示，“伊朗已经建立了新的航行秩序，而伊朗目前正试图确保自己在其中占据核心地位。”
国际海事法以及其他类似水道的先例，或许能为霍尔木兹海峡的未来走向提供一些线索。
收费、通行费还是保险费？
伊朗已多次暗示，计划在与美国的谅解备忘录规定的60天谈判期结束后，对过境霍尔木兹海峡的船只收取一定费用。
上周，伊朗和阿曼这两个在该海峡拥有海岸线的国家在一份联合声明中表示，未来对该水道的管理将产生“相关成本”，但费用将符合国际标准。
其他重要航运通道已收取使用费，包括苏伊士运河和巴拿马运河，最大型货船的通行费可达数十万美元。
但这些运河是人工水道，而非霍尔木兹海峡这样的天然咽喉要道。埃及和巴拿马均通过条约获得明确授权收取通行费，且这两条运河受国际协议约束，保障所有船只的航行自由。
2026年6月17日，全球第三大半潜式起重船通过博斯普鲁斯海峡的航拍画面。杰马尔·尤尔塔斯/阿纳多卢通讯社/盖蒂图片社
与此同时，根据1936年《蒙特勒公约》，土耳其对通过博斯普鲁斯海峡和达达尼尔海峡的船只收取服务费，这两处均为天然咽喉要道。该法律早于1994年生效的更广泛的《联合国海洋法公约》，后者赋予船只在任何国家领海无害通过且无需付费的权利。
伊朗虽签署但从未批准《联合国海洋法公约》。
《蒙特勒公约》要求土耳其允许商业船只自由通行，但允许该国收取部分特定服务费用，包括卫生、引航、拖船和灯塔服务。
在伊朗和阿曼发布联合声明数天后，阿曼外交大臣巴德尔·本·哈马德·阿尔-布赛义迪否认了通行费问题上的“任何模糊性”，坚称不会收取通行费，但他并未排除收取导航、环境或其他“服务”费用的可能性，这一模式效仿了马六甲海峡和新加坡海峡，那里的引航服务费是自愿收取的。
2026年6月22日，伊朗议会议长穆罕默德·巴盖尔·加利巴夫与阿曼外交大臣巴德尔·本·哈马德·阿尔-布赛义迪会面。哈米德·马尔克普尔/中东图片社/法新社 via 盖蒂图片社
此外，伊朗在战争期间成立的“波斯湾海峡管理局”（PGSA）声称该机构全权负责监管这条重要航道的交通，该机构已提出计划，要求船只在穿越海峡前购买保险。
但联合国国际海事组织迅速驳斥了这一构想，称相关要求并非官方提议。
能否达成协议？
一些专家认为，如果美国同意解除对德黑兰的制裁，伊朗可能会放弃对海峡收取费用的打算。
“伊朗获得制裁救济的能力与其将海峡视为收入来源的意愿之间存在反比关系，”危机智库伊朗项目主任阿里·瓦埃兹对哥伦比亚广播公司新闻表示。
“特朗普政府越是确保伊朗能够获取被冻结的资金，并能够将石油销售收益汇回国内，伊朗就越不需要通过收取霍尔木兹海峡通行费来牟利，”他说道。
对海峡的管理可以采取区域合作模式，不仅包括伊朗和阿曼，还可纳入该地区其他关键国家，甚至包括充当德黑兰与华盛顿之间调解人的国家，如巴基斯坦、卡塔尔、沙特阿拉伯、土耳其和埃及。
“他们可能会达成一项安排，不适用于该地区的部分或大多数国家，当然也不会适用于海湾地区的任何沿海国，”瓦埃兹说道。
瓦埃兹表示，伊朗还可能尝试推行一项制度，豁免所谓的全球南方国家，允许其船只免费过境，同时向富裕国家收取费用。
https://www.cbsnews.com/video/ship-traffic-drops-in-strait-of-hormuz-after-weekend-attacks/
How Iran could try to control the Strait of Hormuz – and profit from it
July 1, 2026 / 7:44 AM EDT / CBS News
By Joanne Stocker Verification producer
Joanne Stocker is a verification producer for CBS News Confirmed. She was previously chief editor of Kurdistan 24 English and managing editor at The Defense Post. She has combined open-source investigation methods with on-the-ground reporting to cover conflict, terrorism, and misinformation for over 15 years.
Read Full Bio
London— When the U.S. and Israel launched their joint war on Iran in February, Tehran responded almost immediately with what has now been proven to be one of its most potent weapons — the ability to paralyze the Strait of Hormuz.
By firing on or threatening to strike any ships that had not sought its permission, Iran effectively closed this major shipping lane, through which a fifth of the world’s oil had typically passed in tankers. The shipping gridlock sent the price of oil soaring, impacting virtually everyone on the planet, including Americans who continue to face elevated prices at the pump.
Transits have steadily increased since the signing of the memorandum of understanding between the U.S. and Iran two weeks ago. That framework agreement calls for the lifting of U.S. and Iranian restrictions and toll-free transit of the strait for at least 60 days, a period designated by the MoU for the U.S. and Iran to negotiate a wider peace deal.
But some experts believe that whatever deal the two sides may eventually reach, the Strait of Hormuz will never return to its pre-war state.
Smoke rises Thai tanker “Mayuree Naree” after it is struck in the Strait of Hormuz. Royal Thai Navy/AFP/Getty
“We are no longer dealing with the traditional maritime arrangement in the Strait of Hormuz, which we are familiar with, the one that existed before the war,” Noam Raydan, a senior fellow at the Washington Institute think tank, told CBS News. “This new navigational order has been created by Iran, and what Iran is trying to do right now is ensure that it plays a central role in it.”
International maritime laws, and precedents set in other, comparable waterways, could provide some clues as to the possible future of the Strait of Hormuz.
Fees, tolls or insurance?
Iran has repeatedly signaled an intention to impose some charge on vessels transiting the Strait of Hormuz after the 60-day negotiation period set out in the MoU with.
Last week, the governments of Iran and Oman — the two nations with coastlines in the strait — said in a joint statement that future management of the waterway would have “costs associated”, but that they would be in line with international standards.
There are fees imposed for the use of other vital shipping lanes, including the Suez and Panama Canals, where fees can amount to hundreds of thousands of dollars for the largest cargo vessels.
But those canals are man-made, not natural chokepoints, like the Strait of Hormuz, and both Egypt and Panama were given explicit permission in treaties to charge tolls, and the canals are subject to international agreements that guarantee freedom of navigation to any vessel.
An aerial view of the world’s third-largest semi-submersible crane vessel as it transits the Bosphorus Strait on June 17, 2026. Cemal Yurttas/Anadolu/Getty
Meanwhile, Turkey charges service fees for ships transiting the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits, which are natural chokepoints, under the 1936 Montreux Convention. That law predates the much wider United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which took effect in 1994, giving ships the right of innocent passage through any country’s territorial waters without paying a fee.
Iran signed, but has never ratified UNCLOS.
The Montreux Convention obligates Turkey to allow commercial ships freedom of passage, but allows the country to charge for some specific things, including sanitary, pilotage, towage and lighthouse services.
Several days after Oman issued the joint statement with Iran, Omani Foreign Minister Badr bin Hamad Al-Busaidi denied “any ambiguity” on the issue of transit fees, insisting that there would be none, but he did not rule out fees for navigational, environmental or other “services,” modeled on the Straits of Malacca and Singapore, where pilotage service fees are voluntary.
Iranian parliament speaker Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf meets with Omani Foreign Minister Badr bin Hamad Al Busaidi on June 22, 2026. Hamed Malekpour / Middle East Images /AFP via Getty Images
Alternatively, the Persian Gulf Strait Authority (PGSA), an agency created by Iran during the war that the regime claims has sole responsibility for regulating traffic through the vital waterway, has floated plans to require ships to take out an insurance policy to cross the strait.
The U.N.’s International Maritime Organization quickly refuted that concept, however, saying the demands were not official.
A deal to be done?
Some experts believe Iran could be convinced not to try to impose charges on the strait if the U.S. agrees to lift sanctions on Tehran.
“There is an inverse correlation between Iran’s ability to secure sanctions relief and its desire to look at the strait as a source of revenue,” Ali Vaez, director of the Crisis Group think tank’s Iran Project, told CBS News.
CBS News graphic CBS News
“The more the Trump administration ensures that Iran can get access to frozen funds and is able to repatriate revenue from its oil sales, the less Iran would need to make money through imposing fees for transiting the Strait of Hormuz,” he said.
A regional approach to management of the strait could include not only Iran and Oman, but other key countries in the region, and possibly even those that have acted as mediators between Tehran and Washington, such as Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Egypt.
“They might come up with an arrangement that doesn’t apply to some or most of the countries in the region, certainly not any of the littoral states” in the Gulf,” Vaez said.
Iran could also try to impose a system that exempts countries in the so-called global south, allowing their vessels to transit for free while charging fees to richer nations, Vaez said.
https://www.cbsnews.com/video/ship-traffic-drops-in-strait-of-hormuz-after-weekend-attacks/
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