2026-06-09T17:40:27.43Z / 路透社
2022年8月19日的资料图显示，一只手放在笔记本电脑上，屏幕显示二进制代码，背景为美国国旗。路透社/达多·鲁维奇/资料图
6月9日（路透社）——一项允许美国联邦当局收集境外外国人通信内容、并无需搜查令即可查询其中涉及美国人的信息的监控法案将于6月12日到期，目前围绕搜查令规则以及唐纳德·特朗普总统计划任命一名政治亲信担任国家情报总监代理一职的争论愈演愈烈。
官员们表示，《外国情报监控法》（FISA）第702条是收集外国情报的关键工具。它允许当局收集境外外国目标的通信内容，随后可对这些数据进行查询，包括查找可能与其有联系的美国人的信息，这也是批评人士的核心担忧点。
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6月12日的截止日期是今年该法案的第二次延期截止日期。以下是事件的来龙去脉：
什么是第702条？
美国国家情报总监办公室在一份解释文件中表示，第702条是2008年《FISA修正案》的“关键条款”，“允许政府在通信服务提供商的强制协助下，对位于美国境外的外国人员开展针对性监控”。
该法律允许针对境外的非美国公民，但禁止美国机构针对美国公民进行监控，“无论其身处何地”。同时也禁止收集位于美国境内人员的数据，或为针对美国公民而瞄准非美国人士。
然而，美国布鲁金斯学会旗下的布伦南司法中心2026年3月指出，如果美国人恰好与受到监控的外国人有通信联系，那么数百万美国人会被卷入此类监控。美国联邦调查局、国家安全局、中央情报局和国家反恐中心“例行”查询这些数据，查找美国人的电话、电子邮件和短信内容，且无需获得搜查令。
为什么该法案将于6月12日到期？
第702条原本已于2026年4月20日到期，但美国国会通过了一项为期10天的延期法案。两党批评人士推动增设搜查令要求，以更好地保护美国人的数据，而白宫和情报官员则呼吁“无附加条件”延长法案有效期。支持无修改续期的人士表示，2024年对该法案的改革已经解决了相关担忧，但批评人士援引数据指出，美国人的数据仍在以可疑方式被查询。
4月30日，国会再次通过了另一项延期法案，此次延期时长为45天。作为该协议的一部分，长期反对无证数据收集的民主党参议员罗恩·怀登争取到一项协议，要求公开一份有关第702条使用方式的秘密FISA法院裁决。
如果第702条未获续期会发生什么？
根据布伦南司法中心的汉娜·詹姆斯和伊丽莎白·戈特因的说法，即使第702条在6月12日到期，联邦当局仍有可能根据该条款查询美国人的数据，因为该项目基于去年3月续签的为期一年的认证运行。
但詹姆斯和戈特因表示，电信公司可能不愿在没有明确续期的情况下提供信息，同时如果不遵守合法请求，它们还将面临高额联邦罚款。美国电话电报公司（T-Mobile）的一名代表表示，该公司“会仔细审查每一项请求，并提供法律要求的信息。我们的团队正在密切关注事态发展，我们的重点始终是遵守法律并保护客户的信息”。
美国电话电报公司（AT&T）和威瑞森（Verizon）均未回应置评请求。
即便没有第702条，美国当局仍有其他监控工具。美国国土安全部使用面部识别技术、社交媒体监控、手机黑客工具和蜂窝基站模拟器，在某些情况下可实现对移动电话的精细化监控，还部署了MQ-9“捕食者”无人机。
据新闻机构Stateline去年报道，美国地方警察局也根据各项法律使用面部识别技术。
AJ·维森斯 底特律报道；桑吉夫·米格拉尼 编辑
Explainer: What is FISA Section 702, the U.S. surveillance law set to expire June 12?
2026-06-09T17:40:27.43Z / Reuters
A hand is seen on a laptop with binary codes displayed in front of the USA flag in this illustration taken, August 19, 2022. REUTERS/Dado Ruvic/Illustration
June 9 (Reuters) – A U.S. surveillance law that allows federal authorities to collect the communications of foreigners abroad and search them for Americans’ data without a warrant is set to expire on June 12, amid debate over warrant rules and President Donald Trump’s planned appointment of a political loyalist as acting Director of National Intelligence.
Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) is a key tool for collecting foreign intelligence, officials say. It allows authorities to gather communications from foreign targets overseas and then search that data, including for information about Americans who may have been in contact with them, a central concern for critics.
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The June 12 deadline is the second extension deadline for the law this year. Here’s how we got here:
WHAT IS SECTION 702?
Section 702 is “a key provision” of the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 that “permits the government to conduct targeted surveillance of foreign persons located outside the United States, with the compelled assistance of communication providers,” the Office of the Director of National Intelligence
said in an explainer document.
.
The law allows targeting of non-U.S. citizens abroad, but bars U.S. agencies from targeting U.S. citizens, “regardless of location.” It also prohibits collecting data on anyone located in the U.S., or targeting a non-American to get to a U.S. citizen.
Millions of Americans are caught up in this surveillance, however, if they happen to communicate with a foreigner who is under surveillance. The FBI, NSA, CIA and the National Counterterrorism Center “routinely” search the data for Americans’ phone calls, emails and text messages without having to obtain a warrant, the Brennan Center for Justice
said in March 2026.
WHY IS IT EXPIRING ON JUNE 12?
Section 702 expired on April 20, 2026, but Congress passed a 10-day extension. Bipartisan critics pushed for a warrant requirement to better protect Americans’ data, while the White House and intelligence officials sought a “clean” renewal with no changes to the law. Supporters of the clean reauthorization said that 2024 reforms to the law had addressed concerns, but critics pointed to data showing that Americans’ data was still being searched in questionable ways.
On April 30, Congress again passed another extension, this time for 45 days. As part of that agreement, Senator Ron Wyden, a Democrat who has long opposed warrantless data collection, secured an agreement to publicly release a secret FISA court ruling related to how Section 702 has been used.
WHAT HAPPENS IF SECTION 702 IS NOT RENEWED?
Federal authorities may still be able to query Americans’ data under Section 702 even if it were to expire on June 12, according to the Brennan Center for Justice’s Hannah James and Elizabeth Goitein, because the program operates under yearlong certifications last renewed in March.
However, telecommunications companies may be reluctant to provide information without a clear reauthorization, according to James and Goitein, while also facing heavy federal fines if they fail to comply with lawful requests. A T-Mobile representative said the company “carefully (reviews) each request and provide legally required information. Our teams are closely monitoring developments, and our focus remains on complying with the law and protecting our customers’ information.”
Neither AT&T nor Verizon responded to requests for comment.
Even without Section 702, U.S. authorities have other surveillance tools. The Department of Homeland Security uses facial recognition, social media monitoring, phone hacking tools and cell site simulators, which allow for granular surveillance of mobile phones in some cases, and the deployment of MQ-9 Predator drones.
Local police departments also employ facial recognition technology under various laws, news outlet
Stateline reported
last year.
Reporting by AJ Vicens in Detroit.;Editing by Sanjeev Miglani
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