2026年4月30日 美国东部时间下午1:58 / CNN
作者：安妮·格雷尔
汤姆·布伦纳/路透社/资料图
续签这项强力监控法案的最后期限暴露了共和党内部的深刻分歧，也让美国国家安全官员陷入忙乱，因为情报收集出现盲区的可能性与日俱增。
数月来，众议院共和党人一直在寻求途径，重新授权这项饱受争议的间谍权力。这部法律即《外国情报监控法》第702条，允许美国经授权官员收集外国目标的电话和短信，但在此过程中也可能顺带收集到美国人的数据。
以下是议员们面临午夜最后期限续签该权限时需要了解的内容。
美国政府如何使用《外国情报监控法》？
根据2008年修订的《外国情报监控法》，美国政府有权强制美国电信公司和互联网服务商提供对互联网“骨干网”上通信内容的访问权限。政府还可强制获取电话信息，从而获取通话内容，也可要求电子邮件服务商等提供特定地址的通信记录。
根据隐私和公民自由监督委员会2023年9月发布的公开监督报告——该委员会的设立宗旨是定期评估该项目——除上述数据收集方式外，委员会还提到了一项仅在2022年才获得授权的“高度敏感技术”。
这批包括大量美国互联网流量在内的海量数据，旨在让美国情报机构能够快速获取有关其他国家外国人的信息。
正如美国全国广播公司此前报道的那样，美国国家安全局表示，总统每日简报中的很大一部分内容都来自第702条项目收集的数据。
如果该法案到期，会有什么风险？
这取决于你询问的对象。
多年来，高级国家安全官员一直表示，第702条对于挫败恐怖袭击、遏制芬太尼流入美国以及阻止针对关键基础设施的勒索软件攻击至关重要。
官员们称，在美国与伊朗的战争目前处于脆弱停火状态、威胁环境升级的背景下，这项权限现在比以往任何时候都更加关键。
与此同时，左右两派的民权组织都认为，这项监控权力存在侵犯美国人隐私的风险。该项目目前在很大程度上属于无证监控，因为其目标是外国人而非美国人，但美国公民在与境外目标互动时，确实会被卷入监控范围。
这部即将到期的法律在近几个月来与共和党内部围绕政府监控权力范围的更大规模争论纠缠在一起。
一些此前支持该间谍项目的民主党人现在担忧，在他们不信任的特朗普政府领导下续签该法案，这使得共和党必须依靠的投票优势进一步缩小。
起初，特朗普政府并未就希望共和党议员如何处理该法案的续签问题表态，这导致分歧加剧并愈演愈烈。特朗普总统及其支持者此前曾将该法律与其他用于调查俄罗斯干预美国大选的法律手段混为一谈，也将其与2016年特朗普竞选团队相关人员与俄罗斯干预行动有关的指控联系起来。
但本月早些时候，唐纳德·特朗普总统呼吁对该法案进行18个月的无附加条件续签。这并未说服保守派共和党人，他们坚持要求法案纳入相关改革，例如在查询美国人通信内容前必须获得搜查令。
该法案可延长多长时间？
在无数次会议和听证会均告失败后，众议院议长迈克·约翰逊提出了一项将该法案延长三年的提案。
保守派态度坚决，拒绝投出赞成票，直到议长妥协，在这项必须通过的间谍权力法案中加入了一项无关的加密货币条款，导致该法案在参议院刚提出就胎死腹中。
美国国会参议院领袖们在国会山另一端旁观此事，最终陷入忙乱，并最终提议进行另一项短期延长，但这只会延长这场闹剧，因为他们并不希望附加加密货币条款。
国会必须在午夜前通过这项延长法案。
这将是一个临时补丁，但问题并不会消失，因为45天后，议员们将再次回到原点。
美国有线电视新闻网的扎卡里·沃尔夫为本报道贡献了内容。
FISA: What to know about the government’s key spy powers on the verge of expiration
2026-04-30 1:58 PM ET / CNN
By Annie Grayer
A visitor captures a cell phone image of the Washington Monument, near the US Capitol on September 29, 2021.
Tom Brenner/Reuters/File
The deadline to renew a powerful surveillance law has exposed deep divisions in the Republican Party and left US national security officials scrambling as the potential for blind spots in intelligence collection becomes an ever increasing possibility.
For months, House Republicans have been trying to find a path forward to reauthorize the controversial spy powers. The law, Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), allows authorized US officials to gather phone calls and text messages of foreign targets, but can also scoop up the data of Americans in the process.
Here’s what to know as lawmakers face a midnight deadline to re-up the authority.
How does the government use FISA?
Under updates to the FISA law enacted in 2008, the government has the ability to compel US phone companies and internet providers to provide access to communications across the “backbone” of the internet. The government can also compel access to phone information that can allow it to obtain the content of calls and also require email providers and others to provide communications from a specific address.
And according to a September 2023 public oversight report by the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board – which was formed to periodically assess the program – in addition to the above methods of collecting data, the board refers to an additional “highly sensitive technique” that was only authorized in 2022.
The trove of data, including a large portion of US internet traffic, is meant to provide US intelligence agencies with quick access to data regarding foreigners in other countries.
As CNN has reported, a good portion what what appears in the Presidential Daily Brief has some data that comes from the 702 program, according to the National Security Agency.
What’s at risk if it expires?
It depends who you ask.
Senior national security officials have for years said Section 702 is critical to thwarting terror attacks, stemming the flow of fentanyl into the US and stopping ransomware attacks on critical infrastructure.
The authority is now more critical than ever, officials say, amid the delicate ceasefire in the US war with Iran and a heightened threat environment.
Civil liberties groups on the left and the right, meanwhile, argue the surveillance authority risks infringing on Americans’ privacy. The program is currently warrantless, in large part because it is aimed at foreigners not Americans, but US citizens do get swept up in the surveillance when they are interacting with targets abroad.
The law, which is on the verge of expiration, has in recent months become embroiled in the broader Republican battle over the reach of the government’s surveillance powers.
And some Democrats who have previously supported the spy program are now concerned about renewing the it under a Trump administration that they do not trust, making the margins Republicans have to rely on even smaller.
At first, the Trump administration did not weigh in on how they wanted Republican lawmakers to handle the renewal of the law, allowing divisions to build and fester. The president and his supporters have previously conflated the law with other legal methods used to investigate Russian interference in US elections and allegations that people associated with the Trump campaign in 2016 were connected to those Russian efforts.
But earlier this month, President Donald Trump called for a clean reauthorization of the law for 18 months. That did not sway conservative Republicans who have insisted that the bill include reforms like warrants before querying Americans’ communications.
How long could the law be extended?
After countless meetings and listening sessions failed, House Speaker Mike Johnson put forward a proposed three-year extension of the law.
Conservatives stood firm and withheld their votes until the speaker obliged and attached on an unrelated crypto measure to the must-pass spy powers bill that made it dead on arrival in the Senate.
Senate leaders, who looked on from across the US Capitol, were left scrambling and ultimately suggested another short-term extension, which will only prolong the drama since they do not want the crypto provision attached.
Congress has until midnight to clear that extension.
That will serve as a temporary patch, but the problem isn’t going away because in 45 days lawmakers will be right back where they started.
CNN’s Zachary Wolf contributed to this report.
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