2026年6月9日 / 美国东部时间下午5:27 / 哥伦比亚广播公司（CBS News）
一份新分析报告警告，由特朗普任命的委员会提出的联邦紧急事务管理局（FEMA）改革方案，将限制幸存者获取联邦灾后援助的渠道，并在飓风季来临之际将负担转嫁给州和地方政府。
上月，FEMA审查委员会提出了对这家灾害应对机构的全面改革方案，将其打造成一个更精简的组织，在自然灾害应对中发挥辅助作用，要求州政府机构承担主导职责。这项大部分需要国会批准的改革提案，是在特朗普总统提议“让各州脱离FEMA援助”甚至彻底撤销该机构之后提出的。
但由“破坏我们的安全”（Sabotaging Our Safety）组织撰写的报告指出，FEMA审查委员会的方案首先会让联邦灾后援助更难获批，将重大自然灾害的申报门槛提得过高，以至于2012年至2025年间近三分之一的灾害申报都将不符合资格。
这个进步派防灾倡导团体由民选官员、劳工领袖、政治组织者和应急管理资深人士提供咨询支持。该团体认为，FEMA的改革将取代联邦公共援助补助金——过去五年这类补助金总额约为1800亿美元——取而代之的是基于公式的整笔拨款，这类拨款可能无法反映重建道路、学校、医院和其他受损基础设施的实际成本。
对于个体幸存者而言，原有的15类援助将被合并为一项有上限的一次性付款，令幸存者在获得住房、医疗费用、丧葬费用、车辆维修和其他灾害损失救助方面的选择更少。
对于洪泛区家庭，报告警告改革将加速保险政策调整，推高保费，让低收入家庭无力承担保险费用，使一些风险最高的美国民众在下次风暴来临前的保障更少。
公共恢复补助金将被公式化拨款取代
审查委员会提出的最具影响力的改革之一，是替换FEMA的公共援助项目——该联邦项目帮助州和地方政府支付 debris 清除、应急防护措施以及道路、桥梁、学校、医院、公用设施和其他公共基础设施的修复费用。
根据其提议的替代方案“RAPID”，FEMA将不再根据已证实的损失逐项目报销，而是根据与风速、洪水深度等灾害指标挂钩的公式计算一次性整笔拨款。“破坏我们的安全”报告指出，这可能会在联邦援助和实际恢复成本之间造成固有缺口。
“重建学校、供水系统、县级道路网络或医院的成本，取决于当地建筑成本、基础设施老化程度、法规要求和供应链状况，而预设公式根本不会考虑这些因素，”报告写道，“根据灾害的预期规模而非实际遭受的损失成本来确定拨款金额，会造成完全由州和地方政府承担的固有缺口。”
RAPID项目还要求联邦资金必须在8年内花完，“破坏我们的安全”报告称这一期限“脱离实际”。
报告警告，RAPID项目的8年期限可能会阻碍重大灾害恢复工作，因为公共基础设施的重建通常涉及“许可、采购、工程和施工周期”，往往需要超过10年时间，尤其是在供应链中断的情况下。
洪水保险保费可能大幅上涨
报告警告，FEMA改革可能会提高最需要保障的低收入家庭的防洪成本。例如，在FEMA通过国家洪水保险计划（NFIP）实施的新版风险评级2.0体系下，新保单的整体保费预计将下降11%至39%。
但报告认为，低收入邮政编码区域的保费降幅可能会大得多——最高可达60%，而最富裕地区的降幅最高为32%，这将让最易遭受洪水威胁的人群无力承担 flood insurance 费用。
报告显示，在完全基于风险的定价模式下，最高风险地区的保费也将大幅上涨，其中洪水风险最高的邮政编码区域保费将上涨279%，部分家庭每年需多支付2000多美元。“破坏我们的安全”组织表示，这一影响将加剧“将低收入社区挤出保险覆盖范围”的持续趋势。
目前，国家洪水保险计划负债约200亿美元，东南部和中西南部地区有超过40万套房屋在内陆洪水灾害中保险保额不足。报告警告，对于特殊洪水危险区持有联邦-backed 抵押贷款的房主来说，失去负担得起的洪水保险可能引发“一系列财务后果”，包括代管账户问题、房屋出售困难和抵押贷款违约。
长期住房援助减少，灾害申报门槛提高
报告还警告，审查委员会提议终止FEMA在长期住房援助方面的职责，转而将安置无家可归幸存者的责任转移给各州、领地和部落政府。
“破坏我们的安全”组织认为，如果没有临时庇护和永久恢复之间的过渡桥梁，流离失所可能会变成永久性的，尤其是对于低收入家庭、租客、老年人和没有保险的人群。
FEMA审查委员会还提议提高衡量灾害损失是否严重到值得联邦援助的门槛，该门槛通常将估计损失与州人口进行对比，这将进一步加重州政府的负担。
这一被称为“人均指标”的门槛将从1.94美元提高到2.99美元，“破坏我们的安全”报告称，这将把15亿美元的成本从联邦政府转移到各州、县和幸存者身上。
报告发现，提高总统批准重大灾害申报的门槛，将导致2012年至2025年间29%的重大灾害申报不符合资格——每年约减少16次申报。
该团体指出，这一影响将让农村社区尤其脆弱，因为灾害门槛是按全州人口计算的。因此，即使一个小型农村县遭受的破坏对当地家庭来说是毁灭性的，该地区的极端灾害损失也可能达不到全州人均影响标准，无法获得联邦援助。
飓风季已经来临
FEMA正处于财政和人员紧张的情况下迎来飓风季。自2025年1月以来，该机构已裁员超过5000人，其38个最高领导层职位中有近一半空缺，尽管代理局长鲍勃·芬顿告诉CBS News，该机构已为飓风季做好准备。
尽管FEMA表示已采取措施稳定员工队伍，并在飓风季和国际足联世界杯前加强备战能力，但美国政府问责局（GAO）警告称，在特朗普时代的裁员之前，FEMA就已经人手不足，如果接连发生灾难性灾害，可能没有足够的工作人员应对。
负责监督FEMA的美国国土安全部（DHS）在一份声明中表示，FEMA审查委员会最终报告的发布标志着“本届政府加强FEMA使命、运营和问责制的持续努力中的一个重要里程碑”，并补充说，提议的改革“最符合国家利益”。
“在马伦部长的领导下，我们期待继续加强运营，并与州合作伙伴接触，以便在灾害发生时为他们提供所需的最佳联邦支持，”国土安全部发言人补充道。
New analysis warns FEMA overhaul would make disaster aid harder to access, shifting costs to survivors
June 9, 2026 / 5:27 PM EDT / CBS News
A new analysis warns that a proposed overhaul of the Federal Emergency Management Agency by a Trump-appointed panel would limit access to federal disaster aid for survivors, shifting the burden to state and local governments amid hurricane season.
Last month, the FEMA Review Council floated sweeping changes to the disaster agency, turning it into a leaner organization that plays a supporting role in reacting to natural disasters, requiring state agencies to take the lead. The proposed overhaul, much of which requires congressional approval, came after President Trump suggested trying to “wean” states off of FEMA or eliminating the agency altogether.
But a report penned by Sabotaging Our Safety argues the FEMA Review Council’s plan would first make federal disaster aid harder to unlock, raising the threshold to declare a major natural disaster so high, it would have excluded nearly one-third of declarations spanning from 2012 to 2025.
The progressive disaster preparedness advocacy group is advised by elected officials, labor leaders, political organizers and emergency management veterans. The group argues that FEMA’s rebrand would replace FEMA Public Assistance grants — which totaled approximately $180 billion over the past five years — with formula-based block grants that may not reflect the actual cost of rebuilding roads, schools, hospitals and other damaged infrastructure.
For individual survivors, fifteen categories of assistance would instead be collapsed into one capped payment, leaving survivors with fewer options for help with housing, medical costs, funeral expenses, vehicle repairs and other disaster losses.
For flood-zone families, the report warns the overhaul would accelerate insurance changes that could drive up premiums and price low-income households out of coverage, leaving some of the most at-risk Americans with less protection before the next storm.
Public recovery grants would be replaced with a formula
One of the most consequential changes proposed by the Review Council is the replacement of FEMA’s Public Assistance program – a federal program that helps state and local governments pay for debris removal, emergency protective measures and the repair of roads, bridges, schools, hospitals, utilities and other public infrastructure.
Under its proposed replacement, dubbed “RAPID,” FEMA would move away from project-by-project reimbursement based on documented damage, instead issuing a lump-sum grant calculated through a formula tied to disaster metrics such as wind speed and flood depth. The Sabotaging Our Safety report suggests this might create a built-in gap between federal aid and real recovery costs.
“The cost of rebuilding a school, a water system, a county road network, or a hospital depends on local construction costs, infrastructure age, code requirements, and supply chain conditions that the pre-set formula doesn’t even attempt to capture,” the report says. “Basing payments off the expected magnitude of a disaster, rather than the cost of damage sustained, creates an inherent gap borne entirely by states and localities.”
The RAPID program would also require federal funding to be spent within eight years, a deadline Sabotaging Our Safety called “divorced from reality.”
The report warns that RAPID’s eight-year deadline could prevent major disaster recovery, with the rebuilding of public infrastructure often involving “permitting, procurement, engineering, and construction cycles” often stretching beyond a decade, particularly when supply chains are disrupted.
Flood insurance premiums could rise sharply
The report warns the overhaul of FEMA could increase the cost of flood protection for low-income households most likely to need it. For instance, under Risk Rating 2.0, FEMA’s newer way of pricing flood insurance through the National Flood Insurance Program, new policies are projected to fall by 11% to 39% overall.
But the report argues that the decline could be far steeper in low-income ZIP codes — by as much as 60%, compared with as much as 32% in the wealthiest areas — pushing flood insurance out of reach for the people most exposed to floods.
Premiums would also rise sharply in the highest-risk places, including by 279% in the most flood-exposed ZIP codes under full risk-based pricing, according to the report, adding more than $2,000 a year for some households. The impact, Sabotaging Our Safety says, would drive a persistent trend of “driving low-income communities out of coverage.”
Currently, the NFIP is about $20 billion in debt, and more than 400,000 homes in the Southeast and central Southwest are underinsured for inland flooding. For homeowners with federally backed mortgages in Special Flood Hazard Areas, the report warns that losing affordable flood insurance could trigger “a cascade of financial consequences,” including escrow issues, problems selling and mortgage default.
Long-term housing, fewer disaster declarations
The report also warns the council has proposed ending FEMA’s role in long-term housing assistance, instead shifting responsibility for housing survivors with no place to go to states, territories and tribal governments.
Without that bridge between temporary shelter and permanent recovery, Sabotaging Our Safety argues that displacement can become permanent, especially for low-income families, renters, older Americans and people without insurance.
The FEMA Review Council is also proposing increasing the threshold for measuring whether disaster damage is severe enough to justify federal help, which typically compares the estimated damage to the state’s population, shifts even more burden onto states.
That threshold, known as the “per-capita indicator,” would jump from $1.94 to $2.99, which the Sabotaging Our Safety report says would shift $1.5 billion in costs away from the federal government and onto states, counties and survivors.
The report found that raising that threshold for presidential disaster declarations would have kept 29% of major disaster declarations from qualifying between 2012 and 2025 — about 16 fewer declarations each year.
The impact, the group suggests, would make rural communities especially vulnerable because disaster thresholds are calculated against statewide population. As a result, extreme damage in a small rural county may not generate enough statewide per-capita impact to qualify for federal aid, even if the local damage is devastating to families.
It’s already hurricane season
FEMA is entering hurricane season under financial and staffing strain. The agency lost more than 5,000 employees since January 2025, with nearly half of its top 38 leadership positions vacant, though acting administrator Bob Fenton told CBS News that the agency was ready for hurricane season.
While FEMA has stated it is taking steps to stabilize its workforce and strengthen readiness ahead of hurricane season and the FIFA World Cup, the Government Accountability Office has warned that FEMA was already stretched thin before Trump-era workforce reductions and may not have enough staff if catastrophic disasters strike back to back.
In a statement, the Department of Homeland Security, which oversees FEMA, said the release of the FEMA Review Council final report marked “an important milestone in this Administration’s ongoing efforts to strengthen FEMA’s mission, operations and accountability,” adding that recommended changes “best serve the national interest.”
“With Secretary Mullin at the helm, we look forward to continuing to enhance our operations and engage with our state partners to best provide the federal support they need during disasters,” a DHS spokesperson added.