2026-04-12T09:00:55.138Z / 美国有线电视新闻网（CNN）
作者：普里西拉·阿尔瓦雷斯、迈克尔·威廉姆斯
发布于 2026年4月12日，美国东部时间早上5:00
话题标签：移民、唐纳德·特朗普、墨西哥
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2025年7月9日，纽约市移民法庭庭审结束后，联邦探员拘留了一名男子。
迈克尔·M·圣地亚哥/盖蒂图片社/档案照片
近日一个四月的清晨，斯蒂芬·米勒主持跨部门会议时提出了一个问题：为何越来越多国家不愿接收来自美国的被遣返者？
在唐纳德·特朗普总统第二任期的第一年，这位特朗普移民政策的设计师主导了遣返行动。根据美国国土安全部的数据，该部门已将超过67.5万名无证移民驱逐出境。
这一数字未达到政府每年100万次遣返的目标，但国土安全部官员指出，另有数十万人自愿离开了美国。
因此，为绕过那些拒绝接收本国公民的国家，政府制定了一项计划：与其他国家达成协议，允许接收来自美国的被遣返者，无论这些人是否来自该国，甚至是否会说该国语言。
然而，尽管已有约二十多个国家——遍布非洲、中亚和拉丁美洲——陆续签署或准备签署接收美国被遣返者的协议或谅解备忘录，但这类计划仅占遣返行动的极小一部分。
无党派智库移民政策研究所估计，2025年1月至12月期间，共有1.5万人被遣送至第三国，其中1.3万人被送往墨西哥。各国的协议条款各不相同，部分协议包含更为详细的内容，包括明确接收人员的范围。
“特朗普政府正在动用所有可用工具，开展有史以来规模最大的针对刑事非法移民的合法遣返行动，”白宫发言人阿比盖尔·杰克逊在一份声明中告诉CNN。美国国务院也在声明中表示，“落实特朗普政府的移民政策是国务院的首要任务”。
目前唯一接收了大量来自其他国家被遣返移民的国家是墨西哥，且这一安排始于乔·拜登总统任期内。部分国家虽签署了协议，但目前尚无公开信息表明它们接收过任何移民。
据两名美国官员透露，米勒在会议上显得颇为沮丧，并将矛头指向了国务院官员。尽管美国已与众多遥远国家达成接收移民的协议，但将移民遣送至这些国家的行动似乎陷入停滞——甚至从未真正启动过。
他向官员们传递的信息十分明确：如果无法推动各国加快进度、接收更多人员，他将亲自介入。
“他对此已经无计可施了，”其中一名美国官员说道。
一名白宫官员告诉CNN，内部并未有人对该项目的进度提出抱怨，反而有讨论称应与更多国家洽谈第三国遣返协议。该官员还表示，此类安排使美国得以将那些原籍国拒绝接收的有犯罪记录的移民驱逐出境。
不同的愿景
推动各国接收美国被遣返移民的强硬举措，是特朗普政府激进战略的关键一环，旨在实现总统竞选时提出的大规模遣返承诺。
美国在遣返特定国籍人员回国方面历来面临挑战——要么是因为美墨或美与该国的外交关系冷淡，要么是因为美国要求这些国家接收的部分公民存在犯罪记录。
政府推动将移民遣送至第三国，意在实现两个目标：绕过不愿与美国合作的国家，同时对企图非法入境美国的移民起到威慑作用，让他们担心自己会被遣送至离家数千英里之外的陌生国家。
根据难民国际和人权第一组织的数据，特朗普任期第一年，美国已将约1.3万名非墨西哥籍国民遣送至墨西哥，今年这一数字可能还会增加数千人。
这一安排是拜登政府时期一项计划的延伸。2022年，拜登政府宣布将当时涌入美墨边境的大量委内瑞拉移民遣返回墨西哥。
“与墨西哥的非正式协议仍在执行，绝大多数第三国国民实际上都是通过这一渠道被遣返的，”难民国际美洲与欧洲主任耶尔·沙克尔说道。
2025年8月17日，加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥，美墨边境的边境巡逻车。
凯文·卡特/盖蒂图片社/档案照片
根据协议，各国通常会为获取资金、政治优待或两者兼而有之，同意接收来自美国的非本国公民移民。许多针对第三国国民的遣返行动都遭遇了法律挑战。
除墨西哥外，其他国家最多仅接收了数百名被遣返者，如萨尔瓦多、巴拿马、哥斯达黎加和乌兹别克斯坦，这一数据来自难民国际和人权第一组织的统计。
斯威士兰、危地马拉和赤道几内亚等国各自接收了数名至数十名移民，而被遣送至卢旺达、南苏丹和科索沃的移民人数似乎不足10人。
另有十多个看似签署了协议的国家，目前尚无公开信息表明它们接收过任何被遣返者。这其中不包括刚果民主共和国，该国本月刚刚宣布与美国达成相关协议。
美国国务院发言人拒绝就与其他政府的外交沟通置评。
此类协议主要分为两种形式：一种是针对已下达最终驱逐令的人员，将其遣送至第三国；另一种是庇护合作协议，即那些在美国的庇护申请被驳回的寻求庇护者，被送往其他国家申请庇护。
“几乎未产生可衡量的影响”
特朗普政府将移民遣送至陌生国家的行动始于其第二任期初期。2025年3月，美国援引18世纪《敌对外侨法》中的战时权力，开始将数百名委内瑞拉移民遣送至萨尔瓦多，这些移民被关押在该国臭名昭著的最高安全级别CECOT监狱。
同年夏天，美国国务卿马可·卢比奥表示，美国“正在积极寻找其他国家接收第三国移民”。
“我们正与其他国家沟通：‘我们想把一些最恶劣的人渣送到你们国家——能否帮我们这个忙？’距离美国越远越好，这样他们就无法再越过边境回来了，”他说道。
另一起备受关注的事件发生在去年：一群原本计划被遣送至南苏丹的移民在吉布提的一处军事基地被美国拘留。这些移民包括来自古巴、越南和老挝的人员，被关押在改装过的Conex集装箱内。这一事件引发了诉讼，最终案件被提交至最高法院，最高法院允许美国在极少提前通知的情况下，将移民遣送至非原籍国。
还有一起案件涉及基尔马尔·阿布雷戈·加西亚，这名萨尔瓦多移民从萨尔瓦多大型监狱被释放后，特朗普政府多次试图将其遣返回非洲，而此前法官曾裁定不应将其驱逐出境。
今年2月，参议院外交关系委员会的民主党人发布了一份报告，披露了第三国遣返行动的相关成本。报告发现，政府“已花费数千万美元，将数量相对较少的移民送往第三国，在某些情况下，每人的成本超过100万美元”。
根据该报告，该项目对政府的遣返议程“几乎未产生可衡量的影响”。
Why the Trump administration is struggling to deport migrants to unfamiliar countries
2026-04-12T09:00:55.138Z / CNN
By Priscilla Alvarez, Michael Williams
PUBLISHED Apr 12, 2026, 5:00 AM ET
Immigration Donald Trump Mexico
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Federal agents detain a man after his court hearing in immigration court on July 9, 2025, in New York City.
Michael M. Santiago/Getty Images/File
On a recent April morning, Stephen Miller led a multiagency call with a question: Why were countries not accepting more deportees from the United States?
In the first year of President Donald Trump’s second term, the architect of his immigration agenda had overseen a deportation machine that according to the Department of Homeland Security has expelled more than 675,000 undocumented immigrants from the country.
That is short of the administration’s goal of a million deportations a year, though Homeland Security officials argue that hundreds of thousands of others have voluntarily left the country.
So, in an effort to circumvent some countries that declined to accept back their citizens, the administration devised a plan to enter into agreements with other countries to accept deportees regardless of whether they were from those countries, or even spoke the language.
Yet even as around two dozen countries — spanning from Africa and Central Asia to Latin America — continued entering into agreements or memorandums of understanding to accept deportees from the US, that plan has accounted for only a tiny fraction of deportations.
The Migration Policy Institute, a nonpartisan think tank, estimated that 15,000 people have been deported to third countries —13,000 of whom were sent to Mexico—between January and December 2025. The agreements for each country vary, with some offering more detail than others, including parameters on who will be accepted.
“The Trump Administration is using all the tools in our toolbox to carry out the largest, lawful deportation operation of criminal illegal aliens in history,” White House spokeswoman Abigail Jackson told CNN in a statement. The State Department similarly said in a statement that “implementing the Trump Administration’s immigration policies is a top priority for the Department of State.”
The only country that has accepted a significant number of deported migrants from other countries is Mexico, and that is through an arrangement that began during President Joe Biden’s administration. Some countries entered agreements, but it is not publicly known whether they have accepted any migrants.
Miller appeared frustrated on the call and directed his ire to State Department officials, according to two US officials. Despite striking all these arrangements with far-flung countries to accept migrants from the United States, the removal of immigrants to those countries appeared to have stalled — or to have never actually begun.
His message to the officials was clear: If they couldn’t get countries to move faster and accept more people, he would get involved.
“He’s at his wit’s end about it,” one of the US officials said.
A White House official told CNN there have been no internal complaints about the pace of the program but instead conversations about working with additional countries on third-country removal agreements, arguing that such arrangements have allowed the US to remove immigrants with criminal histories whose origin countries won’t accept them.
A different vision
The intense push behind lining up countries to accept deportees from the US is a critical part of the Trump administration’s aggressive strategy to achieve the president’s campaign promise of mass deportation.
The US has historically faced challenges in deporting certain nationalities back to their origin countries — either due to frosty diplomatic relations between the US and those countries, or the criminal histories of some of the citizens the US was asking those countries to take back.
The administration’s push to deport migrants to third countries is meant to serve two purposes: bypassing the cooperation of countries that wouldn’t work with the US, and serving as a deterrent for migrants thinking about entering the US illegally, lest they be sent to an unfamiliar country thousands of miles away from home.
About 13,000 non-Mexican nationals were sent by the US to Mexico during the first year of Trump’s term, and likely a few thousand more already this year, according to data kept by Refugees International and Human Rights First.
This arrangement is an extension of a program that began under Biden’s administration, which in 2022 announced it would expel the surging number of Venezuelan migrants who crossed the southern border at the time back to Mexico.
“The informal agreement with Mexico continues, and that’s where the vast majority of third-country nationals have actually been deported,” said Yael Schacher, the Americas and Europe director of Refugees International.
A Border Patrol vehicle at the US-Mexico border on August 17, 2025, in San Diego, California.
Kevin Carter/Getty Images/File
Under the agreements, countries agree — often for money, political favor or both — to accept immigrants from the US who are not citizens of those countries. Many of the efforts to deport these third-country nationals have been met with legal challenges.
Aside from Mexico, other countries have accepted, at most, a few hundred deportees — such as El Salvador, Panama, Costa Rica and Uzbekistan, according to the tally from Refugees International and Human Rights First.
Countries like Eswatini, Guatemala and Equatorial Guinea have each accepted a handful to several dozen migrants, while fewer than 10 appear to have been sent to Rwanda, South Sudan and Kosovo.
More than 10 countries who seem to have arrangements or agreements are not publicly known to have accepted any deportees. That doesn’t include the Democratic Republic of Congo, which announced its own agreement with the US just this month.
The State Department spokesperson declined to comment on diplomatic communications with other governments.
The agreements primarily come in two forms: through arrangements where people with final orders of removal are being deported to the third countries, and through Asylum Cooperative Agreements, where asylum seekers who have had their claims terminated in the United States are being sent to seek asylum in other countries.
‘Little measurable impact’
Efforts by the Trump administration to deport migrants to unfamiliar countries began early in Trump’s second term. In March 2025, the US — invoking a wartime authority under the 18th century Alien Enemies Act — began deporting hundreds of Venezuelan migrants to El Salvador, where they were locked up in that country’s notorious maximum security CECOT prison.
By the summer, Secretary of State Marco Rubio said the US was “actively searching for other countries to take people from third countries.”
“We are working with other countries to say, ‘We want to send you some of the most despicable human beings to your countries — will you do that as a favor to us?’ And the further away from America, the better, so they can’t come back across the border,” he said.
Another high-profile attempt occurred last year when a group of migrants, initially bound for South Sudan, were detained by the US at a military base in Djibouti. The migrants, including some from Cuba, Vietnam and Laos, were held in a converted Conex shipping container. That prompted a lawsuit and eventually the case made it to the Supreme Court, which allowed the US to resume deporting migrants to countries other than their homeland with minimal notice.
There was also the case of Kilmar Abrego Garcia, whom the Trump administration has repeatedly tried deporting to Africa ever since the Salvadoran immigrant returned from his detention at the mega prison in El Salvador, where judges previously ruled he should not be deported.
In February, Democrats on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee released a report describing the costs associated with third-country removals. It found the administration has “has spent tens of millions of dollars to move a relatively small number of migrants to third countries, in some cases paying more than one million dollars per person.”
The program, according to the report, had “little measurable impact” on the administration’s deportation agenda.