2026年3月5日 / 美国东部时间下午4:03 / CBS新闻
金融服务公司先锋集团(Vanguard)的最新数据显示，创纪录比例的美国人正在动用其退休储蓄账户来支付紧急开支。
根据该公司2026年美国人储蓄习惯报告，2025年，在参与先锋401(k)计划的人群中，有6%的人进行了所谓的困难提取，高于2024年的5%。
近年来，提取困难资金的工人比例不断上升，反映出许多家庭在遭遇意外账单时面临的经济压力。美国国税局(IRS)允许在有限的财务问题下进行困难提取，包括支付医疗费用或避免驱逐/止赎的款项。
先锋集团定义缴费研究主管、储蓄报告作者杰夫·克拉克(Jeff Clark)告诉CBS新闻，困难提取的增加凸显了为紧急情况储备资金的重要性。
退休基金在家庭缺乏其他资源时正越来越多地成为财务缓冲。
“随着更多雇主自动为员工参保，人们储蓄的比例更高，他们正在积累可观的余额，因此当发生财务冲击时，他们有退休资产可以动用，”他告诉CBS新闻，“这无意中提供了一个财务安全网，因为如果他们没有被自动参保，他们可能就没有这些资产来应对紧急情况。”
由于过去几年的股票收益以及使员工更容易储蓄的设计改进，许多工人的401(k)账户余额有所增加。先锋集团表示，自动参保和类似功能帮助45%的计划参与者去年提高了储蓄率。
公司称，截至2025年底，平均账户余额为168,000美元，较2024年底增长13%，这是强劲的股市表现推动的。
国会也简化了工人进行困难提取的流程。例如，2022年的一项法律允许员工在成为家庭暴力受害者或联邦宣布灾难时取款。同一项法律还允许他们每三年无罚款地提取最多1,000美元。
根据先锋集团的数据，2025年，平均提取金额为1,900美元。
人们提取401(k)资金的主要原因如下：
- 避免止赎或驱逐：36%
- 医疗费用：31%
- 学费：13%
- 主要住宅维修：11%
- 主要住宅购买：5%
这些提款也凸显了一个更广泛的挑战：许多美国人几乎没有可依靠的退休储蓄。
根据美国退休安全研究所(National Institute on Retirement Security)2026年的一份报告，研究表明美国人在为退休储蓄方面落后，工作年龄的美国人中位数仅为退休生活储蓄了1,000美元。
这一数字包括有退休计划储蓄的人和没有获得雇主赞助计划的人。
美国退休人员协会(AARP)的另一项报告发现，由于经济压力，更多老年人——约7%的退休人员——在退休后重返职场。
编辑：艾米·皮基(Aimee Picchi)
A record share of Americans are taking emergency withdrawals from their 401(k)s
March 5, 2026 / 4:03 PM EST / CBS News
A record share of Americans are tapping their retirement savings accounts to cover emergency expenses, according to new data from financial services firm Vanguard.
In 2025, 6% of people enrolled in Vanguard 401(k) plans made so-called hardship withdrawals from their accounts, up from 5% in 2024, according to the company’s 2026 report on Americans’ savings habits.
The share of workers tapping hardship withdrawals has risen in recent years, reflecting the financial pressure many households face when unexpected bills hit. Hardship withdrawals are permitted by the IRS for a limited number of financial issues, including covering medical care or payments to avoid eviction or foreclosure.
The rising incidence of hardship withdrawals highlights the importance of setting aside money for emergencies, Vanguard’s Jeff Clark, head of defined contribution research and the author of the report on savings, told CBS News.
Retirement funds are increasingly providing a financial buffer when households lack other resources.
“With more sponsors auto-enrolling workers, people saving at higher rates, they’re building meaningful balances, and so they have retirement assets available if a financial shock occurs,” he told CBS News. “It’s inadvertently providing a financial safety net because if they hadn’t been auto-enrolled, they might not have had those assets to tap into for an emergency.”
Many workers are enjoying bigger 401(k) balances due to stock gains during the past few years, as well as design improvements that have made it easier for employees to save. Auto enrollment and similar features helped 45% of plan participants increase their savings rates last year, Vanguard said.
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At the end of 2025, the average account balance sat at $168,000, up 13% from the end of 2024, driven by strong stock market performance, the company said.
Congress has also made it easier for workers to make hardship withdrawals. For example, a 2022 law lets employees take money out if they are victims of domestic abuse, or for federally declared disasters. The same law allows them to make a penalty-free withdrawal of up to $1,000 once every three years.
In 2025, the median withdrawal amount was $1,900, according to Vanguard.
These were the top reasons people tapped into their 401(k)s:
- Avoiding foreclosure or eviction: 36%
- Medical expenses: 31%
- Tuition: 13%
- Primary residence repairs: 11%
- Primary residence purchase: 5%
The withdrawals also underscore a broader challenge: many Americans have little retirement savings to fall back on.
Research shows that Americans are behind when it comes to saving for retirement, with the median working-age American having only socked away $1,000 for their golden years, according to a 2026 report from the National Institute on Retirement Security.
That figure includes people with retirement plan savings as well as those who lack access to an employer-sponsored plan.
Another report from the AARP found that more seniors — about 7% of retirees —are returning to the workplace after retiring, citing financial pressures.
Edited by Aimee Picchi
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