2026年4月8日 / 美国东部时间上午10:02 / 哥伦比亚广播公司（CBS News）
经济学人企业（Economist Enterprise）的最新研究显示，由于生活成本和医疗费用上涨重塑了退休计划，美国人预计将比原本意愿多工作约四年。
这份得到投资公司诺维信（Nuveen）支持的报告显示，仅有五分之一的劳动者表示，他们希望延长在职时间是因为热爱自己的工作。近一半的受访者将生活成本列为预计推迟退休的主要原因。
该研究结果基于对2063名就职于中型和大型企业的美国全职劳动者的调查。
短期需求压倒长期目标
财务压力正在重塑退休时间表，越来越多劳动者可能需要在晚年继续工作以维持生计。该研究还发现，约三分之一的劳动者曾从401(k)退休账户中贷款或进行困难支取。投资巨头先锋集团（Vanguard）的数据显示，去年美国人紧急支取401(k)账户的比例创下历史新高。
参与该研究的经济学人企业项目经理马特·特里（Matt Terry）表示，这些可能面临罚款的提前支取，可能是许多人推迟退休的原因之一。
“人们愿意为了部分短期需求牺牲长期目标，这可能正是导致退休推迟的原因之一，”特里在接受CBS新闻采访时说道。“人们会想，‘好吧，我想我得把退休时间往后推几年，因为我现在确实急需资金支持。’”
Z世代劳动者——即1997年至2012年出生的人群——对自己的退休前景最为悲观，该群体预计退休时间将比原本意愿晚5.2年。相比之下，X世代劳动者（年龄在46岁至61岁之间）预计推迟退休的时间为3.9年，这是经济学人企业的分析结果。
“这一点让我有些惊讶——他们真的提前了解到了这么多吗？”特里在谈到Z世代劳动者时说道。“但他们至少足够了解情况，对此感到非常悲观，所以这本身就是一个发现：即使是职业生涯初期的人，也开始感受到这种压力了。”
提前退休，而非自愿选择
退休规划往往与严峻的现实相冲突。此前的研究发现，尽管美国人大多希望在65岁时退休，但许多人退休年龄要早得多——而且并非出于自愿。
美国退休研究中心（Transamerica Center for Retirement Studies）2024年的分析显示，美国劳动者的中位退休年龄为62岁，许多劳动者因健康问题或失业等无法控制的因素而退出职场。
继续工作的财务代价高昂，尤其是许多临近退休的美国人并未做好财务准备。经济学人企业援引保德信金融（Prudential Financial）的数据称，55岁人群的中位储蓄额约为5万美元。
推动“职场坚守潮”的因素
该研究结果也为美国职场被称为“伟大坚守”（great stay）的趋势提供了佐证，这一术语指的是如今大批员工坚守现有岗位，而非寻求其他就业机会。原因包括美国雇主招聘放缓以及经济不确定性，使得许多劳动者将工作稳定性置于加薪或更好福利的好处之上。
经济学人企业的调查中约六成受访者表示，他们会选择长期工作保障，而非更高薪资或更好福利；近三分之一的劳动者在过去五年中因担心失去工作保障而停止了求职。
所谓的离职率——即劳动者自愿离职的比例——也印证了这一点。今年2月，该比例降至1.9%，为五年多来的最低水平。
“很多人都暂停了求职，”特里说道。“这表明一种趋势：人们在工作中变得更加停滞不前，或者劳动力市场变得更加稳定，流动性也可能更低。”
https://www.cbsnews.com/video/record-number-of-americans-making-emergency-401k-withdrawals/
Americans expect to delay retirement by 4 years as cost of living rises, study finds
April 8, 2026 / 10:02 AM EDT / CBS News
Americans expect to work about four years longer than they’d like as rising living costs and health care expenses reshape their retirement plans, according to new research from Economist Enterprise.
Only 1 in 5 workers say they want to stay in the labor force longer because they enjoy their jobs, according to the report, which was published with support from investment firm Nuveen. Nearly half of the respondents cited living costs as the main reason they expect to delay retirement.
The findings are based on a survey of 2,063 full-time U.S. workers at midsize and large companies.
Short-term needs swamp long-term goals
Financial pressures are reshaping retirement timelines, raising the risk that more workers will need to stay employed well into their later years to make ends meet. The study also found that about one-third of workers have taken a loan from their 401(k) or made a hardship withdrawal. A record share of Americans tapped their 401(k) plans last year to cope with financial emergencies, according to investment giant Vanguard.
Those early withdrawals, which can incur penalties, may be one reason many people delay retirement, said Matt Terry, a project manager at Economist Enterprise who worked on the study.
“People are willing to sacrifice their long-term goals for some of their short-term needs, and that’s probably contributing to the cause of delayed retirement,” Terry told CBS News. “People think, ‘OK, I guess I’ll have to push it out a few years, because I really need the financial support right now.’”
Generation Z workers — those born between 1997 and 2012 — are the most pessimistic about their retirement prospects, with people in that group expecting to retire 5.2 years later than they would like. By comparison, Gen X workers (ages 46 to 61) expect to postpone retirement by 3.9 years, according to the Economist Enterprise analysis.
“I was a little surprised by that — how much do they really know in advance?” Terry said of Gen Z workers. “But they at least know enough that they feel very pessimistic about it, so that’s a finding in and of itself — that even people at the beginning of their careers are feeling that pressure starting to creep in.”
Retiring early, and not by choice
Retirement planning often conflicts with harder realities. Prior research has found that, although Americans largely want to step back from work at age 65, many retire far younger — and not by choice.
The median U.S. retirement age is 62, with many retirees leaving the workforce due to issues outside their control, such as health problems or job loss, according to a 2024 Transamerica Center for Retirement Studies analysis.
The financial stakes of staying employed are high, especially because many Americans nearing retirement are not financially prepared. Median savings for 55-year-olds are about $50,000, Economist Enterprise said, citing data from Prudential Financial.
What’s driving the “great stay”
The findings also offer evidence of a trend in the U.S. workforce dubbed the “great stay” — shorthand for the hordes of employees today who are hunkering down in their jobs rather than exploring other employment opportunities. The reasons include slower hiring by U.S. employers and economic uncertainty, which incline many workers to prioritize stability over the benefits of changing jobs.
About six in 10 respondents to the Economist Enterprise survey said they would choose long-term job security over higher pay or better benefits, while almost one-third of workers have stopped job searching in the past five years because of concerns about sacrificing job security.
That’s borne out by the so-called quits rate, or the share of workers voluntarily leaving their jobs. That fell to 1.9% in February, the lowest level in more than five years.
“A lot of people are pausing their job searches,” Terry said. “That points to a trend where people are becoming a little more stagnant in their jobs, or the labor markets are becoming more stable and potentially less mobile.”
https://www.cbsnews.com/video/record-number-of-americans-making-emergency-401k-withdrawals/
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